Lohmann on Scientific Progress

Susanne Lohmann

American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2004, vol. 63, issue 1, pages 167-181

Abstract: Scientific research programs have a life cycle consisting of a sequence of overlapping subprograms. Each subprogram works within set boundaries, driven by the internal logic of its theoretical and empirical puzzles; outside of the boundaries lie the blind spots of the subprogram. Over time, boundaries shift as the blind spots become hot spots of inquiry. For a while, the status-quo subprogram overlaps with the subprogram challenging it, but eventually it is superceded. Change occurs through replacement (the market entry of Young Turks threatens the Establishment) rather than adaptation (the Establishment moves with the times). Scientific progress depends on society supporting scientists and scholars by giving them a "room of their own," and it requires systematic methods, but the most important determinant is the structure of the scientific enterprise. For scientific progress to occur, the structure must allow scientists and scholars to form deeply specialized clusters and at the same time force cross-fertilization across clusters. Copyright 2004 American Journal of Economics and Sociology.

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