Causal inference in outcome-dependent two-phase sampling designs

Weiwei Wang, Daniel Scharfstein, Zhiqiang Tan and Ellen J. MacKenzie

Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society Series B, 2009, vol. 71, issue 5, pages 947-969

Abstract: We consider estimation of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome from observational data collected in two phases. In the first phase, a simple random sample of individuals is drawn from a population. On these individuals, information is obtained on treatment, outcome and a few low dimensional covariates. These individuals are then stratified according to these factors. In the second phase, a random subsample of individuals is drawn from each stratum, with known stratum-specific selection probabilities. On these individuals, a rich set of covariates is collected. In this setting, we introduce five estimators: simple inverse weighted; simple doubly robust; enriched inverse weighted; enriched doubly robust; locally efficient. We evaluate the finite sample performance of these estimators in a simulation study. We also use our methodology to estimate the causal effect of trauma care on in-hospital mortality by using data from the National Study of Cost and Outcomes of Trauma. Copyright (c) 2009 Royal Statistical Society.

Date: 2009

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