Abstract:
Corruption always creates winners and, nearly always, losers. The countervailing actions taken by losers to resist their losses from corruption form the centerpiece of this paper. After presenting some examples of countervailing actions, the author analyzes their forms, causes, and effects on corruption. Countervailing actions depend on global factors, such as the system of human, political, and property rights, which vary across societies and over time. They also depend on specific factors which vary across the subunits of government. Variations in global and specific factors, respectively, help to explain different levels of corruption across governments and their subunits. Copyright 1995 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG