Abstract:
When foreign and domestic firms collude under free trade, a tariff can be pro-competitive because it drives a wedge between the interests of the firms. However, only if the firms meet in a small number of countries can a tariff be used to prevent international collusion. In the case in which a tariff can preclude collusion, the optimal tariff is high enough to do so, and is higher than in otherwise-equivalent static models of imperfect competition without collusion. In contrast with conventional models, the pro-competitive effect of a domestic tariff may mean that the tariff that is optimal for the dometic country is also the worldwide optimum.