Openness and Industrial Response in a Wal-Mart World: A Case Study of Mexican Soaps, Detergents and Surfactant Producers

Wolfgang Keller (), Beata Smarzynska Javorcik () and James R Tybout

No 5823, CEPR Discussion Papers from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers

Abstract: This paper uses a case study approach to explore the effects of NAFTA and GATT membership on innovation and trade in the Mexican soaps, detergents and surfactants (SDS) industry. Several basic findings emerge. First, the most fundamental effect of NAFTA and the GATT on the SDS industry was to help induce Wal-Mart to enter Mexico. Once there, Walmex fundamentally changed the retail sector, forcing SDS firms to cut their profit margins and/or innovate. Those unable to respond to this new environment tended to lose market share and, in some cases, disappear altogether. Second, partly in response to Walmex, many Mexican producers logged impressive efficiency gains during the previous decade. These gains came both from labour-shedding and from innovation, which in turn was fuelled by innovative input suppliers and by multinationals bringing new products and processes from their headquarters to Mexico. Finally, although Mexican detergent exports captured an increasing share of the U.S. detergent market over the past decade, Mexican sales in the U.S. were inhibited by a combination of excessive shipping delays at the border and artificially high input prices (due to Mexican protection of domestic caustic soda suppliers). They were also held back by the major re-tooling costs that Mexican producers would have had to incur in order to establish brand recognition among non-Latin consumers, and in order to comply with zero phosphate laws in many regions of the United States

Keywords: detergent industry; FDI liberalization; GATT; multinational enterprises; NAFTA; retail sector reform; technology transfer; trade liberalization; trucking; Wal-Mart; WTO (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F1 F2 L1 L6 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cse and nep-int
Date: 2006-09
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Related works:
Working Paper: Openness and Industrial Responses in a Wal-Mart World: A Case Study of Mexican Soaps, Detergents and Surfactant Producers (2006)
Working Paper: Openness and industrial response in a Wal-Mart world: a case study of Mexican soaps, detergents, and surfactant producers (2006)
Journal Article: Openness and Industrial Response in a Wal-Mart World: A Case Study of Mexican Soaps, Detergents and Surfactant Producers (2008)
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