Free Banking Stablecoins

Pythagoras Petratos () and Brian Baugus
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Pythagoras Petratos: Westminster Business School, University of Westminster, Marylebone Rd. 35, London NW1 5LS, UK
Brian Baugus: Department of Business, Leadership and Management, Regent University, 1000 University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA

Economies, 2025, vol. 13, issue 11, 1-29

Abstract: Monetary policy and central banks faced significant challenges in recent decades, like the Great Recession and the 2008–2009 financial crisis, and the Global Inflation Surge of 2021–2022. The introduction of blockchain technology triggered major financial innovations. Nevertheless, the adoption of digital currencies and stablecoins in particular has been limited and does not have wide and everyday use, like national currencies. To understand non-national currency usage better, we examine free banking in Scotland and the U.S., and specifically note issuance. Lessons from these periods suggest the importance of reserves and coordination mechanisms. Based on these free banking cases, we propose that banks and corporations should have the freedom to issue their own stablecoins. More specifically, we examine the freedom for regulated banks to issue their own stablecoins in a competitive environment, learning from historical precedents how to manage such a system. Free banking stablecoins could provide significant benefits, especially in countries with unstable monetary systems, like emerging economies. Such benefits can range from better monetary policy, inflation targeting, and stability, to a broader range of innovative financial markets and services that can contribute towards entrepreneurship, investments, and economic development. Citizens, entrepreneurs, and domestic and foreign investors can gain from these benefits. At the same time, the banking sector and financial institutions can maintain an important role and further expand and develop by offering innovative financial services in an evolving and challenging environment due to financial technology and disintermediation. Finally, governments and central banks could also benefit from increased financial inclusion, higher economic growth and development, but also from more competition and financial stability, and from financial innovation and technology services.

Keywords: monetary policy; central banks; free banking; decentralised finance; stablecoin; cryptocurrency financial innovation; financial engineering (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: E F I J O Q (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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