Intellectual property among incorporated and unincorporated entrepreneurs

Christopher J. Boudreaux () and Rebel A. Cole ()
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Christopher J. Boudreaux: Florida Atlantic University, College of Business
Rebel A. Cole: Florida Atlantic University, College of Business

Small Business Economics, 2025, vol. 65, issue 4, No 2, 2089-2111

Abstract: Abstract Using data from 4,762 U.S. firms in the Kauffman Firm Survey, our analysis shows that, compared to unincorporated entrepreneurs, incorporated entrepreneurs are more likely to have IP and to have a greater number of patents and trademarks but not copyrights. Within the group of incorporated entrepreneurs, we find that C-corporations are the most likely to have IP and to have a greater number of patents and trademarks compared to limited-liability companies and S-corporations. Policymakers concerned about employment and job creation should focus on incorporated entrepreneurs, especially C-Corporations, as having the most IP potential.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Incorporated; Innovation; Intellectual property; Legal form of organization; Unincorporated (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L26 M13 O30 O34 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11187-025-01066-7

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