Covid-19 and cardiovascular disease in a total population-study of long-term effects, social factors and Covid-19-vaccination

Malin Spetz (), Yvonne Natt och Dag, Huiqi Li, Fredrik Nyberg and Maria Rosvall
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Malin Spetz: University of Gothenburg
Yvonne Natt och Dag: University of Gothenburg
Huiqi Li: University of Gothenburg
Fredrik Nyberg: University of Gothenburg
Maria Rosvall: University of Gothenburg

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract Understanding more about the risk of cardiovascular disease in the large population-group with mild Covid-19 is essential since the preventive need might be extensive. This study examined the risk of cardiovascular disease following Covid-19, considering risk periods and prognostic factors i.e., social factors, Covid-19-vaccination and comorbidities. The study cohort included the Swedish population aged 40-75 years (n = 4,095,414). Covid-19 was associated with elevated hazard ratios for all outcomes; ranging from 1.22 (95% confidence interval:1.14-1.31) for acute myocardial infarction to 4.31 (95% confidence interval:4.09-4.55) for pulmonary embolism. The increased risk was most evident among hospitalised individuals, however, also individuals with mild Covid-19 had an elevated risk. Finally, our findings demonstrated increased long-term cardiovascular risk and generally stronger effects of Covid-19 in more vulnerable social groups. In this work, we demonstrate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease after Covid-19, also among mild cases, findings relevant from both a public health and healthcare perspective.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-66270-1

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