Adaptive interphase enabled pressure-free all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Guanjun Cen, Hailong Yu, Ruijuan Xiao, Liubin Ben, Ronghan Qiao, Jing Zhu, Xinxin Zhang, Gaozhan Liu, Kemin Jiang, Xiayin Yao (), Heng Zhang () and Xuejie Huang ()
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Guanjun Cen: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics
Hailong Yu: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics
Ruijuan Xiao: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics
Liubin Ben: Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory
Ronghan Qiao: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
Jing Zhu: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics
Xinxin Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics
Gaozhan Liu: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
Kemin Jiang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
Xiayin Yao: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering
Heng Zhang: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education)
Xuejie Huang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics

Nature Sustainability, 2025, vol. 8, issue 11, 1360-1370

Abstract: Abstract All-solid-state lithium metal (Li°) batteries (ASSLMBs) are a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to their use of non-flammable solid electrolytes for enhanced safety and the potential for higher energy density. However, void formation and evolution at the interface between anode and solid electrolyte remains a major challenge, leading to accelerated performance degradation. Departing from traditional interfacial design strategies, here we introduce dynamically adaptive interphases, formed by controllable migration of pre-installed anions in solid electrolytes, to operate ASSLMBs stably under low external pressure. The interphases adapt to the Li° anode volume changes, maintaining close physical contact between the Li° anode and ‘rigid’ solid electrolyte under low or zero external pressure. The dynamically adaptive interphase enables Li° full cells to deliver excellent rate performance and 90.7% of capacity retention after 2,400 cycles at a current density of 1.25 mA cm−2. Notably, pouch cells with zero external pressure are assembled with 74.4% of capacity retention after 300 cycles. The present work resolves the critical issue of the continuous solid–solid contact loss between Li° anodes and high-modulus solid electrolytes, advancing the practical deployment of ASSLMBs as high-energy, sustainable electrochemical storage systems.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41893-025-01649-y

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