Progress in two-dimensional magnets: from fundamentals to device concepts

Soumyajit Sarkar () and Soumya Chatterjee
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Soumyajit Sarkar: Brainware University, Department of Physics
Soumya Chatterjee: Brainware University, Department of Physics

The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 2025, vol. 98, issue 12, 1-20

Abstract: Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic semiconductors have emerged as a vibrant frontier in condensed-matter physics, offering opportunities to probe fundamental magnetism at the atomic scale and to design novel spintronic and optospintronic devices. Theoretical progress, particularly through first-principles calculations, many-body approaches, and machine-learning frameworks, has provided predictive insights into exchange interactions, spin–orbit coupling, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. On the experimental front, advances in exfoliation, chemical synthesis, and van der Waals assembly have enabled the realization of intrinsic 2D ferromagnets, gate-controlled magnetism, and magnetoresistance effects in heterostructures. Together, these developments have established a coherent platform for understanding and engineering reduced-dimensional magnetism. Beyond fundamental discoveries, device concepts such as spin valves, magnetic tunnel junctions, and optospintronic elements leverage proximity effects, interfacial engineering, and twist-angle control to achieve tunable functionalities. The integration of 2D magnets with electronic and photonic platforms promises energy-efficient information processing and multifunctional device architectures. The synergy between predictive theory, advanced synthesis, and high-throughput screening is expected to accelerate the discovery of materials with tailored magnetic properties, bridging the gap from fundamental science to transformative spintronic and quantum technologies. Graphical abstract

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1140/epjb/s10051-025-01096-w

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