Details about Ansgar Belke

Access statistics for papers by Ansgar Belke.

Last updated 2009-07-13. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: pbe100

Working Papers

2008

1. Enlarging the EMU to the East: What Effects on Trade?
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) View citations
   Also in Ruhr Economic Papers, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen (2007) View citations
   See also Journal Article in Empirica (2008)
2. Is Fiscal Policy Coordination Needed in a Common Currency Area?
   Ruhr Economic Papers, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen

2007

3. Die Aussenhandelspolitik der EU gegenüber China - "China-Bashing" ist keine rationale Basis für Politik
   Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
4. Exchange Rate Regimes and the Transition Process in the Western Balkans
   Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
   See also Journal Article in Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy (2007)
5. Global Excess Liquidity and House Prices - A VAR Analysis for OECD Countries
   Ruhr Economic Papers, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen
6. Instability of the Eurozone? On Monetary Policy, House Prices and Labor Market Reforms
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) View citations
7. Money and Inflation
   Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
8. The Bazaar Economy Hypothesis Revisited
   Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations

2006

9. Are Monetary Rules and Reforms Complements or Substitutes? A Panel Analysis for the World versus OECD Countries
   Working Papers, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank)
10. How the ECB and the US Fed Set Interest Rates
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
    See also Journal Article in Applied Economics (2007)
11. Instability of the Eurozone? On Monetary Policy, House Prices and Structural Reforms
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
12. Money and Swedish Inflation Reconsidered
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
13. Money matters for inflation in the euro area
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
14. Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften 2006 an Edmund S. Phelps
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
15. The Different Extent of Privatisation Proceeds in EU Countries: A Preliminary Explanation Using a Public Choice Approach
    CREMA Working Paper Series, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA) View citations
    Also in Economics working papers, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria (2006)
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) (2005)
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich (2005)
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2005)

2005

16. (How) Do Stock Market Returns React to Monetary Policy? - An ARDL Cointegration Analysis for Germany
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
17. Asymmetries in the Trans-Atlantic Monetary Policy Relationship: Does the ECB follow the Fed?
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich
18. Back to the rules
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
19. Boom or Bubble in the US Real Estate Market?
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
20. Chance Osteuropa – Herausforderung für die Finanzdienstleistung
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
21. Is A Unified Macroeconomic Policy Necessarily Better for a Common Currency Area?
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
22. Monetary Policy and Dividend Growth in Germany: Long-Run Structural Modelling versus Bounds Testing Approach
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Applied Economics (2006)
23. Structural Reforms and the Exchange Rate Regime A Panel Analysis for the World versus OECD Countries
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
    Also in IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) (2005) View citations
24. The Costs and Benefits of Monetary Integration Reconsidered: How to Measure Economic Openness
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
25. The Degree of Openness to Intra-Regional Trade - Towards Value-Added Based Openness Measures
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik) (2006)

2004

26. A Model for Forecasting Swedish Inflation
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
27. Contagion, Herding and Exchange Rate Instability - A Survey
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
28. Dividend Yields for Forecasting Stock Market Returns - An ARDL Cointegration Analysis for Germany
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Ekonomia (2006)
29. Exchange Rate Volatility and Employment Growth: Empirical Evidence from the CEE Economies
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) View citations
    Also in CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich (2003)
30. Exchange Rate Volatility and Labour Markets in the CEE Countries
    CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers View citations
31. Institutional Uncertainty and European Social Union: Impacts on Job Creation and Destruction in the CEECs
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
    Also in Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2003)
    See also Journal Article in Journal of Policy Modeling (2005)
32. Liquidity on the Rise - Too Much Money Chasing Too Few Goods
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
33. Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften 2004 an Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
34. On the Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Southern Cone
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
    See also Journal Article in Cuadernos de Economía (Latin American Journal of Economics) (2004)
35. Privatization in Austria: Some Theoretical Reasons and First Results About the Privatization Proceeds
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich
    Also in Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2003) View citations
36. Privatization in Austria: Some theoretical reasons and performance measures
    Economics working papers, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria View citations
37. Real Options Effects on Employment: Does Exchange Rate Uncertainty Matter for Aggregation?
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
    See also Journal Article in German Economic Review (2005)
38. Specialisation Patterns and the Synchronicity of Regional Employment Cycles in Europe
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) View citations
    Also in Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2002)
    See also Journal Article in International Economics and Economic Policy (2006)
39. The Allocation of Power in the Enlarged ECB Governing Council: An Assessment of the ECB Rotation Model
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Journal of Common Market Studies (2006)
40. Turkey and the EU: On the Costs and Benefits of Integrating a Small but Dynamic Economy
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
41. Venture Capital Investment and Labor Market Performance: New Empirical Evidence for OECD Countries
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)

2003

42. 10 Argumente gegen eine Euro-US-Dollar-Wechselkursmanipulation
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
43. Challenges to ECB Credibility
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
44. Die Integrationsbemühungen der Türkei aus ökonomischer Sicht
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
45. Does Venture Capital Investment Spur Employment Growth?
    Vienna Economics Papers, University of Vienna, Department of Economics View citations
    Also in CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich (2003) View citations
46. Does Venture Capital Investment Spur Employment Growth? - Further Evidence
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
47. Does the ECB Follow the FED? Part II - September 11th and the Option Value of Waiting
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
48. Erweiterung der EU und Reform des EZB-Rats: Rotation versus Delegation
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
49. Hysteresis Models and Policy Consulting
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
50. International Coordination of Monetary Policy - An Analysis of the Monetary Policy of the European Systems of Central Banks
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
51. Monetary Policy (In-) Effectiveness under Uncertainty - Some Normative Implications for European Monetary Policy
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany

2002

52. Does the ECB Follow the FED?
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
53. EU Enlargement, Exchange Rate Variability and Labor Market Performance
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
54. Euroisierung der mittel- und osteuropäischen EU-Beitrittskandidaten - ein alternativer Weg in die Währungsunion?
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik (2003)
55. Fiskalische Transfermechanismen und asymmetrische Schocks in Euroland
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research (2002)
56. Monetary Integration in the Southern Cone: Mercosur Is Not Like the EU
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
    Also in Working Papers Central Bank of Chile, Central Bank of Chile (2002) View citations
    Working Papers, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank) (2002) View citations
57. The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Labor Markets: Europe versus United States
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
58. Venture Capital Investment and Labor Market Performance: A Panel Data Analysis
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich View citations
    Also in Vienna Economics Papers, University of Vienna, Department of Economics (2001) View citations
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2001)
59. Zur Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Finanzmarktstrukturen für den geldpolitischen Transmissionsmechanismus in der EWU
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations

2001

60. Designing EU-US Atlantic Monetary Relations: Exchange Rate Variability and Labor Markets
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
    See also Journal Article in The World Economy (2002)
61. Institutions and Structural Unemployment: Do Capital-Market Imperfections Matter?
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Group Munich View citations
    Also in Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany (2000) View citations
    German Working Papers in Law and Economics, Berkeley Electronic Press View citations
    Vienna Economics Papers, University of Vienna, Department of Economics (2001) View citations
62. On the Endogeneity of an Exogenous OCA-Criterion: The Impact of Specialisation on the Synchronisation of Regional Business Cycles in Europe
    Discussion Paper Series, Hamburg Institute of International Economics View citations
63. Too Big to Fail: Bankenkonkurs, "Bailout" und Wählerstimmenkalkül
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations
64. Towards a European Social Union: Impacts on Labor Markets in the Acceding CEECs
    Diskussionspapiere aus dem Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Hohenheim, Department of Economics, University of Hohenheim, Germany View citations

1999

65. Micro and Macro Hysteresis in Employment under Exchange Rate Uncertainty
    Computing in Economics and Finance 1999, Society for Computational Economics View citations

1997

66. Estimating the costs and benefits of EMU: the impact of external shocks on labour markets
    Discussion Paper, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research View citations
    See also Journal Article in Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv) (1999)

Journal Articles

2009

1. On the benefits of fiscal policy coordination in a currency union: a note
   Empirica, 2009, 36, (1), 45-49

2008

2. Enlarging the EMU to the east: what effects on trade?
   Empirica, 2008, 35, (4), 369-389 View citations
   See also Working Paper (2008)
3. Sowing the seeds for the subprime crisis: does global liquidity matter for housing and other asset prices?
   International Economics and Economic Policy, 2008, 5, (4), 403-424

2007

4. Exchange-rate Regimes and the Transition Process in the Western Balkans
   Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 2007, 42, (5), 267-280
   See also Working Paper (2007)
5. Genehmigungspflichten für Staatsfonds – Neuer deutscher Etatismus?
   Wirtschaftsdienst, 2007, 87, (12), 807-813
6. How the ECB and the US Fed set interest rates
   Applied Economics, 2007, 39, (17), 2197-2209 View citations
   See also Working Paper (2006)
7. On the endogeneity of an exogenous OCA-criterion: specialisation and the correlation of regional business cycles in Europe
   Empirica, 2007, 34, (1), 15-44
8. Reforms, Exchange Rates and Monetary Commitment: A Panel Analysis for OECD Countries
   Open Economies Review, 2007, 18, (3), 369-388 View citations
9. The Different Extent of Privatization Proceeds in OECD Countries: A Preliminary Explanation Using a Public-Choice Approach
   FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, 2007, 63, (2), 211-243
10. The EU on the 50th Anniversary of the Treaty of Rome
    Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 2007, 42, (1), 4-31

2006

11. Beyond Trade – Is Reform Effort Affected by the Exchange Rate Regime? A Panel Analysis for the World versus OECD Countries
    Economie Internationale, 2006, (3Q), 29-58
12. Dividend Yields for Forecasting Stock Market Returns. An ARDL Cointegration Analysis for Germany
    Ekonomia, 2006, 9, (1), 86-116
    See also Working Paper (2004)
13. Exchange Rate Regimes and Reforms: A Panel Analysis for the World versus OECD Countries*
    International Finance, 2006, 9, (3), 317-342 View citations
14. Monetary policy and dividend growth in Germany: long-run structural modelling versus bounds testing approach
    Applied Economics, 2006, 38, (12), 1409-1423 View citations
    See also Working Paper (2005)
15. Money and Swedish inflation
    Journal of Policy Modeling, 2006, 28, (8), 931-942
16. ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATIN AMERICAN EXCHANGE RATES AND INTEREST RATES
    Icfai University Journal of Monetary Economics, 2006, IV, (3), 6-25
17. Specialisation patterns and the synchronicity of regional employment cycles in Europe
    International Economics and Economic Policy, 2006, 3, (2), 91-104 View citations
    See also Working Paper (2004)
18. The Allocation of Power in the Enlarged ECB Governing Council: An Assessment of the ECB Rotation Model
    Journal of Common Market Studies, 2006, 44, 865-897
    See also Working Paper (2004)
19. The Degree of Openness to Intra-Regional Trade Towards Value-Added Based Openness Measures
    Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), 2006, 226, (2), 115-138
    See also Working Paper (2005)

2005

20. Asymmetries in Transatlantic Monetary Policy-making: Does the ECB Follow the Fed?
    Journal of Common Market Studies, 2005, 43, (5), 921-946 View citations
21. Der osteuropäische Markt: Chance und Herausforderung für Finanzdienstleister
    Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, 2005, 74, (4), 92-111
22. Exchange Rate Movements and Unemployment in the EU Accession Countries-A Panel Analysis
    Review of Development Economics, 2005, 9, (2), 249-263
23. Institutional uncertainty and European Social Union: Impacts on job creation and destruction in the CEECs
    Journal of Policy Modeling, 2005, 27, (3), 345-354 View citations
    See also Working Paper (2004)
24. It’s the Second Statistical Moment:A Survey on Exchange Rates and Labour Market Performance in Eastern Europe
    Ekonomia, 2005, 8, (1), 51-73
25. Real Options Effects on Employment: Does Exchange Rate Uncertainty Matter for Aggregation?
    German Economic Review, 2005, 6, (2), 185-203
    See also Working Paper (2004)

2004

26. Exchange Rate Movements and Employment Growth: An OCA Assessment of the CEE Economies
    Economic Change and Restructuring, 2004, 31, (2), 247-280 View citations
    Also in Empirica, 2004, 31, (2), 247-280 (2004)
27. On the Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Southern Cone
    Cuadernos de Economía (Latin American Journal of Economics), 2004, 41, (122), 35-64 View citations
    See also Working Paper (2004)

2003

28. Costs of Exchange Rate Volatility for Labour Markets - Empirical Evidence from the CEE Economies
    The Economic and Social Review, 2003, 34, (3), 267–292
29. Euroisierung der mittel- und osteuropäischen EU-Beitrittskandidaten - ein alternativer Weg in die Währungsunion?*
    Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, 2003, 4, (4), 425-436 View citations
    See also Working Paper (2002)
30. Exchange Rate Variability and Labor Market Performance in the Visegrád Countries
    Economic Change and Restructuring, 2003, 36, (2), 153-175 View citations

2002

31. Designing EU-US Atlantic Monetary Relations: Exchange Rate Variability and Labour Markets
    The World Economy, 2002, 25, (6), 789-813
    See also Working Paper (2001)
32. Monetary integration in the Southern Cone
    The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 2002, 13, (3), 323-349 View citations

2001

33. Exchange Rate Uncertainty and the German Labour Market: A Cointegration Application of the ARDL Approach
    Ekonomia, 2001, 5, (1), 8-46
34. Fiskalische Transfermechanismen und asymmetrische Schocks in Euroland
    Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, 2002, 71, (3), 384-399
    See also Working Paper (2002)
35. Real Impacts of Intra-European Exchange Rate Variability: A Case for EMU?
    Open Economies Review, 2001, 12, (3), 231-264 View citations

2000

36. EU enlargement and labour markets in the CEECs
    Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 2000, 35, (5), 219-230 View citations
37. Partisan Political Business Cycles in the German Labour Market? Empirical Tests in the Light of the Lucas-Critique
    Public Choice, 2000, 104, (3-4), 225-83 View citations

1999

38. A Simple Model of Hysteresis in Employment under Exchange Rate Uncertainty
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 1999, 46, (3), 260-86 View citations
39. Estimating the costs and benefits of EMU: The impact of external shocks on labour markets
    Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), 1999, 135, (1), 1-47 View citations
    See also Working Paper (1997)

1998

40. Asymmetric shocks and EMU: Is there a need for a stability fund?
    Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 1998, 33, (6), 274-288 View citations

Chapters

2005

1. Zu den Kosten und Nutzen der Türkei in die Europäische Union
   Chapter 11 in List Forum Band 31, 2005, vol. 2, pp 179-190