WTO Staff Working Papers

From World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division
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ERSD-2025-04: Beyond six digits: Automated tariff line HS transposition using Natural Language Processing

Pamela Bayona

ERSD-2025-03: The evolution of preferential trade under regional trade agreements: Has anything changed?

Rohini Acharya and Thakur Prasad Parajuli

ERSD-2025-02: Significance of Most-Favoured-Nation terms in global trade: A comprehensive analysis

Tomasz Gonciarz and Thomas Verbeet

ERSD-2025-01: The long-run impact of digitalization on trade patterns

Eddy Bekkers, Hryhorii Kalachyhin and Robert Teh

ERSD-2024-08: Trade effects of carbon pricing policies

Antonia Kurz and Stela Rubínová

ERSD-2024-07: Greening Ricardo: Environmental comparative advantage and the environmental gains from trade

Mathilde Le Moigne, Simon Lepot, Ralph Ossa, Marcos Ritel and Dóra Zsuzsanna Simon

ERSD-2024-06: Committing to grow: The full impact of WTO accessions

André Brotto, Adam Jakubik, Roberta Piermartini and Fulvio Silvy

ERSD-2024-05: Trade finance and exports: Firm-level evidence from China

Jiancong Liu, Marc Auboin, Beliyou Haile and Yu Wang

ERSD-2024-04: Canary in a coal mine: How trade concerns at the Goods Council reflect the changing landscape of trade frictions at the WTO

Roy Santana and Adeet Dobhal

ERSD-2024-03: A global framework for climate mitigation policies: A technical contribution to the discussion on carbon pricing and equivalent policies in open economies

Eddy Bekkers, Ayse Nihal Yilmaz, Marc Bacchetta, Mateo Ferrero, Kirti Jhunjhunwala, Jeanne Métivier, Bright E. Okogu, Daniel Ramos, Enxhi Tresa and Ankai Xu

ERSD-2024-02: The trade effects of a new agreement on services domestic regulation

Roger Yu So and Eddy Bekkers

ERSD-2024-01: Tariff spillovers and new rules for multilateral tariff negotiations

Eddy Bekkers and Alexander Keck

ERSD-2023-12: Reflection on the implementation of Decision on Implementation of Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement: Incentive for technology transfer to least-developed countries

Jessyca van Weelde, Xiaoping Wu, Chiang, Ting-Wei (Alex) and Bassam Peter Khazin

ERSD-2023-11: Foreign direct investment, trade and economic development: An overview

Michael Blanga-Gubbay and Stela Rubínová

ERSD-2023-10: Is the global economy fragmenting?

Michael Blanga-Gubbay and Stela Rubínová

ERSD-2023-09: Developing economies' participation in environmental services negotiations: What are the challenges and what should be done?

Sanvid Tuljapurkar and Ruosi Zhang

ERSD-2023-08: Impact of agricultural support on environmental and climate objectives

Ankai Xu

ERSD-2023-07: Better together: How digital connectivity and regulation reduce trade costs

Chiara Bellucci, Stela Rubínová and Roberta Piermartini

ERSD-2023-06: Export licensing in the WTO context

Carlo Gamberale and Irina Tarasenko

ERSD-2023-05: The potential impact of environmental goods trade liberalization on trade and emissions

Marc Bacchetta, Eddy Bekkers, Jean-Marc Solleder and Enxhi Tresa

ERSD-2023-04: Trade and welfare effects of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement

Cosimo Beverelli, Isabella Gourevich, Inga Heiland, Alexander Keck, Mario Larch and Yoto Yotov

ERSD-2023-03: How will global trade patterns evolve in the long run?

Eddy Bekkers, Erwin L. Corong, Jeanne Métivier and Daniil Orlov

ERSD-2023-02: International trade cooperation's impact on the world economy

Jeanne Métivier, Marc Bacchetta, Eddy Bekkers and Robert Bernard Koopman

ERSD-2023-01: A novel framework to evaluate changes in access to and costs of trade finance

Marc Auboin, Eddy Bekkers and Dario De Quarti

ERSD-2022-14: Trade policy implications of a changing world: Tariffs and import market power

Adam Jakubik, Alexander Keck and Roberta Piermartini

ERSD-2022-13: Means of liberalization and beyond: Understanding scheduling approaches in services trade agreements

Ruosi Zhang and Chuwankorn Sasanabanchakul

ERSD-2022-12: Regulatory disciplines on the mobility of service professionals: Lessons from Regional Trade Agreements

Antonia Giulia Carzaniga and Swati Sharma

ERSD-2022-11: The future of global value chains and the role of the WTO

Uri Dadush

ERSD-2022-10: Comparing different approaches to tackle the challenges of global carbon pricing

Eddy Bekkers and Gianmarco Cariola

ERSD-2022-9: The impact of geopolitical conflicts on trade, growth, and innovation

Carlos Góes and Eddy Bekkers

ERSD-2022-8: Applying import-adjustmed demand methodology to trade analysis during the COVID-19 crisis: What do we learn?

Marc Auboina and Floriana Borino

ERSD-2022-7: B2B e-commerce marketplaces and MSMES: Evidence of global value chain facilitation?

Maxime Ladrière, Kathryn Lundquist and Qing Ye

ERSD-2022-6: COVID-19 vs. GFC: A firm-level trade margins analysis using Kenyan data

Socrates Kraido Majune and Kemal Turkcan

ERSD-2022-5: The impact of LDC graduation on trade: A quantitative assessment

Eddy Bekkers and Gianmarco Cariola

ERSD-2022-4: Preference utilization in the global economy: An empirical analysis

Gianmarco Cariola and Rainer Lanz

ERSD-2022-3: How do environmental policies affect green innovation and trade? Evidence from the WTO Environmental Database (EDB)

Francesco Saverio Bellelli and Ankai Xu

ERSD-2022-2: Communication break down: Typology of telecommunications provisions in regional trade agreements

Jose-Antonio Monteiro, Kian Cassehgari Posada and L. Lee Tuthill

ERSD-2022-1: Innovation and patenting activities of COVID-19 vaccines in WTO members: Analytical review of Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) COVID-19 Vaccines Patent Landscape (VaxPaL)

Ting-Wei Chiang and Xiaoping Wu

ERSD-2021-14: Services Domestic Regulation - Locking in good regulatory practices: Analyzing the prevalence of Services Domestic Regulation disciplines and their potential linkages with economic performance

Laura Baiker, Elena Bertola and Markus Jelitto

ERSD-2021-13: Assessing the supply chain effect of natural disasters: Evidence from Chinese manufacturers

Katharina Längle, Ankai Xu and Ruijie Tian

ERSD-2021-12: "Agricultural products" and "fishery products" in the GATT and WTO: A history of relevant discussions on product scope during negotiations

Cédric Pene and Xiaolu Zhu

ERSD-2021-11: Buena vista: Social corporate responsibility provisions in regional trade agreements

Jose-Antonio Monteiro

ERSD-2021-10: The impact of services liberalization on education: Evidence from India

Enrico Nano, Gaurav Nayyar, Stela Rubínová and Victor Stolzenburg

ERSD-2021-9: Africa's integration in the WTO multilateral trading system: Academic support and the role of WTO Chairs

Maarten Smeets

ERSD-2021-8: The evolution of gender-related provisions in regional trade agreements

Jose-Antonio Monteiro

ERSD-2021-7: Hold the line: The evolution of telecommunications provisions in regional trade agreements

Jose-Antonio Monteiro

ERSD-2021-6: The WTO Global Trade Costs Index and its determinants

Stela Rubínová and Mehdi Sebti

ERSD-2021-5: Trade finance, gaps and the covid-19 pandemic: A review of events and policy responses to date

Marc Auboin

ERSD-2021-4: Intellectual property and digital trade: Mapping international regulatory responses to emerging issues

Wolf R. Meier-Ewert and Jorge Gutierrez

ERSD-2021-3: COVID-19 and global value chains: A discussion of arguments on value chain organization and the role of the WTO

Marc Bacchetta, Eddy Bekkers, Roberta Piermartini, Stela Rubínová, Victor Stolzenburg and Ankai Xu