Details about William Alexander Darity

Workplace:

Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, (more information at EDIRC) Department of Economics, Duke University, (more information at EDIRC)

Access statistics for papers by William Alexander Darity.

Last updated 2025-03-14. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: pda222

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Working Papers

2024

1. Black Reparations and Child Well-Being: A Framework and Policy Considerations
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

2022

2. Setting the Record Straight on the Libertarian South African Economist W. H. Hutt and James M. Buchanan
   Working Papers Series, Institute for New Economic Thinking View citations (1)

2009

3. The state of blacks in higher education
   MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany View citations (2)

1998

4. Measuring the Evolution of Inequality in the Global Economy
   SCEPA working paper series., Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA), The New School View citations (4)

1985

5. Loan pushing: doctrine and theory
   International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.) View citations (4)

1984

6. A Kalecki-Keynes model of world trade, finance, and economic growth
   International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)

Journal Articles

2025

1. How epigenetic inheritance fails to explain the Black-White health gap
   Social Science & Medicine, 2025, 366, (C)

2024

2. Caste, class, race, and inequality: insights for economic policy
   Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2024, 40, (3), 443-461
3. Global North–South Reparations: Demand‐side and Supply‐side Policies with a Dynamic View of International Trade and Finance
   Development and Change, 2024, 55, (4), 672-699
4. Racial Disparities in Family Income, Assets, and Liabilities: A Century After the 1921 Tulsa Massacre
   Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2024, 45, (2), 256-275 View citations (1)
5. Reconsidering the economics of identity: Position, power, and property
   Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 2024, 46, (1), 4-12
6. Review of Heather McGhee The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together New York: One World 2021 415 pp
   Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2024, 7, (3), 195-197
7. Setting the Record Straight on Racial Wealth Inequality
   AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 169-73

2023

8. Locking in Racial Disadvantage in Libertarian Political Economy: The Case of W. H. Hutt and South Africa
   History of Economics Review, 2023, 85, (1), 7-19
9. The Incarceration Penalty and Black-White Economic Inequality: The Case of Baltimore
   AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2023, 113, 456-61

2022

10. About Face: Seeing Class and Race
    Journal of Economic Issues, 2022, 56, (1), 1-17
11. Alternatives to the scarcity principle
    The Journal of Economic Education, 2022, 53, (4), 340-347
12. Collective wealth and group identity: insights from stratification economics
    Review of Evolutionary Political Economy, 2022, 3, (3), 463-491 View citations (3)
13. Position and Possessions: Stratification Economics and Intergroup Inequality
    Journal of Economic Literature, 2022, 60, (2), 400-426 View citations (17)
14. Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working
    ILR Review, 2022, 75, (3), 552-572 View citations (1)
15. Returns in the Labor Market: A Nuanced View of Penalties at the Intersection of Race and Gender in the US
    Feminist Economics, 2022, 28, (2), 1-31 View citations (3)
16. Self-Reporting Race in Small Business Loans: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Evidence from PPP Loans in Durham, NC
    AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 299-302 View citations (2)
17. The Cumulative Costs of Racism and the Bill for Black Reparations
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022, 36, (2), 99-122 View citations (5)
18. The effect of stereotypes on black college test scores at a historically black university
    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 194, (C), 408-424 View citations (2)

2021

19. A subaltern middle class: The case of the missing “Black bourgeoisie” in America
    Contemporary Economic Policy, 2021, 39, (3), 494-502 View citations (5)
20. Disparate Recoveries: Wealth, Race, and the Working Class after the Great Recession
    The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2021, 695, (1), 173-192
21. Reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. and their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission
    Social Science & Medicine, 2021, 276, (C)
22. The Association between Wealth Inequality and Socioeconomic Outcomes
    AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2021, 111, 211-15 View citations (2)

2020

23. Isolation: an Alternative to the “Acting White” Hypothesis in Explaining Black Under-Enrollment in Advanced Courses
    Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2020, 3, (2), 117-122

2018

24. Adult happiness and prior traumatic victimization in and out of the household
    Review of Economics of the Household, 2018, 16, (2), 275-295 View citations (1)
25. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy
    Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2018, 1, (1), 1-1 View citations (1)
26. RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGEABLE MALES ON FEMALE FAMILY HEADSHIP
    Journal of Demographic Economics, 2018, 84, (3), 231-256 View citations (2)
    Also in JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, 2018, 84, (3), 231-256 (2018) View citations (2)
27. Race, Unemployment, and Mental Health in the USA: What Can We Infer About the Psychological Cost of the Great Recession Across Racial Groups?
    Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2018, 1, (2), 75-91 View citations (2)
28. The Federal Job Guarantee
    Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 2018, 53, (3), 179-180 View citations (6)

2017

29. Child Abuse, Sexual Assault, Community Violence and High School Graduation
    Review of Behavioral Economics, 2017, 4, (3), 215-240 View citations (3)
30. Keynote Conversation
    Review, 2017, 99, (1), 103-120
31. The Political Economy of Education, Financial Literacy, and the Racial Wealth Gap
    Review, 2017, 99, (1), 59-76 View citations (6)

2016

32. Equally inequitable? A cross-national comparative study of racial health inequalities in the United States and Canada
    Social Science & Medicine, 2016, 161, (C), 19-26 View citations (8)
33. India’s Color Complex: One Day’s Worth of Matrimonials
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2016, 43, (2), 129-138
34. Wage differentials between urban and rural-urban migrant workers in China
    China Economic Review, 2016, 41, (C), 222-233 View citations (28)

2015

35. A Tour de Force in Understanding Intergroup Inequality: An Introduction to Stratification Economics
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2015, 42, (1), 1-6 View citations (34)
36. Skin Shade Stratification and the Psychological Cost of Unemployment: Is there a Gradient for Black Females?
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2015, 42, (1), 155-177 View citations (3)

2014

37. Stalking: Does it Leave a Psychological Footprint?
    Social Science Quarterly, 2014, 95, (2), 563-580 View citations (2)
38. The Desegregation of an Elite Economics Department’s PhD Program: Black Americans at MIT
    History of Political Economy, 2014, 46, (5), 317-336 View citations (2)

2013

39. From Here to Full Employment
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2013, 40, (2), 115-120

2012

40. Bold Policies for Economic Justice
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2012, 39, (1), 79-85 View citations (8)

2011

41. Who Is Eligible? Should Affirmative Action be Group‐ or Class‐Based?
    American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2011, 70, (1), 238-268 View citations (9)

2010

42. A Direct Route to Full Employment
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2010, 37, (3), 179-181 View citations (9)
43. Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2010, 37, (3), 207-216 View citations (11)
44. Race, Genetics and Health: An Introduction
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2010, 37, (1), 1-6
45. Reparations for African‐Americans as a Transfer Problem: A Cautionary Tale
    Review of Development Economics, 2010, 14, (2), 248-261 View citations (6)
46. The economics of race and eugenic sterilization in North Carolina: 1958-1968
    Economics & Human Biology, 2010, 8, (2), 261-272 View citations (2)
47. Under the skin: Using theories from biology and the social sciences to explore the mechanisms behind the black-white health gap
    American Journal of Public Health, 2010, 100, (S1), S36-S40 View citations (8)

2009

48. More Cobwebs? Robert Solow, Uncertainty, and the Theory of Distribution
    History of Political Economy, 2009, 41, (5), 149-160 View citations (3)
49. Shedding "light" on marriage: The influence of skin shade on marriage for black females
    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2009, 72, (1), 30-50 View citations (11)

2008

50. Are Reports of Discrimination Valid? Considering the Moral Hazard Effect
    American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2008, 67, (2), 149-175 View citations (5)
51. Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 2008, 37, (5), 1999-2019 View citations (26)
52. Does the stigma of slavery explain the maltreatment of blacks by whites: The case of lynchings
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 2008, 37, (1), 167-193 View citations (8)
53. Forty Acres and a Mule in the 21st Century*
    Social Science Quarterly, 2008, 89, (3), 656-664 View citations (5)

2007

54. From Dark to Light: Skin Color and Wages Among African-Americans
    Journal of Human Resources, 2007, 42, (4) View citations (44)

2006

55. Does a Foot in the Door Matter? White–Nonwhite Differences in the Wage Return to Tenure and Prior Workplace Experience
    Southern Economic Journal, 2006, 73, (2), 267-306
56. Shades of Discrimination: Skin Tone and Wages
    American Economic Review, 2006, 96, (2), 242-245 View citations (42)
57. The economics of identity: The origin and persistence of racial identity norms
    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2006, 60, (3), 283-305 View citations (106)

2005

58. Afro-Mexicano Symposium: An introduction
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2005, 33, (1), 47-48
59. Growth, trade and uneven development
    Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005, 29, (1), 141-170 View citations (22)
60. Interrogating unstable boundaries: An introduction
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2005, 33, (2), 69-72
61. Is there racism in economic research?
    European Journal of Political Economy, 2005, 21, (3), 755-761 View citations (9)
62. Stratification economics: The role of intergroup inequality
    Journal of Economics and Finance, 2005, 29, (2), 144-153 View citations (45)

2004

63. IS-LM-BP: An Inquest
    History of Political Economy, 2004, 36, (5), 127-164 View citations (13)
64. The labor supply consequences of perceptions of employer discrimination during search and on-the-job: Integrating neoclassical theory and cognitive dissonance
    Journal of Economic Psychology, 2004, 25, (1), 15-39 View citations (24)
65. The wellspring of racial inequality
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2004, 32, (2), 61-68 View citations (2)
    Also in The Review of Black Political Economy, 2004, 32, (2), 61-68 (2004)

2003

66. Employment discrimination, segregation, and health
    American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93, (2), 226-231 View citations (9)
67. The Economics of Reparations
    American Economic Review, 2003, 93, (2), 326-329 View citations (9)
68. Will the Poor Always be with Us?
    Review of Social Economy, 2003, 61, (4), 471-477 View citations (2)

2002

69. Intergroup disparity: Why culture is irrelevant
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 2002, 29, (4), 77-90 View citations (1)
70. Passing on blackness: Latinos, race, and earnings in the USA
    Applied Economics Letters, 2002, 9, (13), 847-853 View citations (16)

2001

71. Persistent Advantage or Disadvantage?: Evidence in Support of the Intergenerational Drag Hypothesis
    American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2001, 60, (2), 435-470 View citations (18)
72. Report of the Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession
    American Economic Review, 2001, 91, (2), 497-501
    Also in American Economic Review, 2000, 90, (2), 519-520 (2000)
73. The Early History of Rational and Implicit Expectations
    History of Political Economy, 2001, 33, (4), 773-813 View citations (9)
74. The functionality of market‐based discrimination
    International Journal of Social Economics, 2001, 28, (10/11/12), 980-986
75. Why Did Black Relative Earnings Surge in the Early 1990s?
    Journal of Economic Issues, 2001, 35, (2), 533-542 View citations (1)

2000

76. Intergroup Economic Inequality Across Countries: An lntroductory Essay
    Review of Social Economy, 2000, 58, (3), 273-276 View citations (2)
77. Racial and Ethnic Economic Inequality: The International Record
    American Economic Review, 2000, 90, (2), 308-311 View citations (11)
78. Reply to Ahiakpor
    History of Political Economy, 2000, 32, (4), 915-918
79. Secular Changes in the Gender Composition of Employment and Growth Dynamics in the North and the South
    World Development, 2000, 28, (7), 1231-1238 View citations (14)
80. Tracing the Divide: Intergroup Disparity across Countries
    Eastern Economic Journal, 2000, 26, (1), 75-85 View citations (10)
81. Working hard for the money? Efficiency wages and worker effort
    Journal of Economic Psychology, 2000, 21, (4), 351-385 View citations (31)

1999

82. Who Loses from Unemployment
    Journal of Economic Issues, 1999, 33, (2), 491-496 View citations (3)

1998

83. Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1998, 12, (2), 63-90 View citations (288)
84. Intergroup Disparity: Economic Theory and Social Science Evidence
    Southern Economic Journal, 1998, 64, (4), 805-826 View citations (4)
85. Race, cognitive skills, psychological capital and wages
    The Review of Black Political Economy, 1998, 26, (2), 9-21 View citations (6)
86. Racial Earnings Disparities and Family Structure
    Southern Economic Journal, 1998, 65, (1), 20-41
87. Revisiting Occupational Crowding in the United States: A Preliminary Study
    Feminist Economics, 1998, 4, (3), 73-95 View citations (5)

1997

88. Formally modeling a gender-segregated economy: A reply to Campbell and Warner
    World Development, 1997, 25, (12), 2159-2161 View citations (1)
89. Increasing Returns and Intensification: A Reprise on Ester Boserup's Model of Agricultural Growth
    Metroeconomica, 1997, 48, (1), 60-80 View citations (2)
90. Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States: A Secular Perspective
    American Economic Review, 1997, 87, (2), 301-05 View citations (10)
91. Reply to “Hawtrey and the Multiplier†by Robert W. Dimand
    History of Political Economy, 1997, 29, (3), 557-559
92. The Impact of Psychological and Human Capital on Wages
    Economic Inquiry, 1997, 35, (4), 815-29 View citations (165)
93. Unemployment, joblessness, psychological well-being and self-esteem: Theory and evidence
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 1997, 26, (2), 133-158 View citations (31)

1996

94. Social Psychology, Unemployment and Macroeconomics
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1996, 10, (1), 121-140 View citations (108)
95. The impact of labor force history on self-esteem and its component parts, anxiety, alienation and depression
    Journal of Economic Psychology, 1996, 17, (2), 183-220 View citations (70)
96. The psychological impact of unemployment and joblessness
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 1996, 25, (3), 333-358 View citations (55)

1995

97. A Guide to the Deficit
    Challenge, 1995, 38, (4), 5-12
98. Are being unemployed and being out of the labor force distinct states?: A psychological approach
    Journal of Economic Psychology, 1995, 16, (2), 275-295 View citations (13)
99. Comment
    History of Political Economy, 1995, 27, (5), 243-246
100. Ethnicity, race, and earnings
     Economics Letters, 1995, 47, (3-4), 401-408 View citations (4)
101. IS-LM: An Inquest
     History of Political Economy, 1995, 27, (1), 1-41 View citations (11)
102. Keynes' Political Philosophy: The Gesell Connection
     Eastern Economic Journal, 1995, 21, (1), 27-41 View citations (6)
103. The formal structure of a gender-segregated low-income economy
     World Development, 1995, 23, (11), 1963-1968 View citations (28)

1994

104. Income distribution, inflation and growth: Lectures on structuralist macroeconomic theory: Lance Taylor, (The MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1991) pp. 290
     Journal of Development Economics, 1994, 45, (1), 172-174
105. Who Owns Maynard Keynes?
     History of Political Economy, 1994, 26, (1), 155-164

1993

106. Unemployment, Social Psychology, and Unemployment Hysteresis
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1993, 16, (1), 55-71 View citations (12)

1992

107. A Model of "Original Sin": Rise of the West and Lag of the Rest
     American Economic Review, 1992, 82, (2), 162-67 View citations (5)
108. General and Miscellaneous - The Modern World System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730s–1840s. By Immanuel Wallerstein. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989. Pp. xi, 372. $39.50, cloth; $17.50, paper
     The Journal of Economic History, 1992, 52, (1), 261-262
109. Keynes' Principle of Effective Demand. By Edward J. Amadeo. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1989. Pp. 189. $42.75
     The Journal of Economic History, 1992, 52, (1), 257-258
110. Social psychology, unemployment exposure and equilibrium unemployment
     Journal of Economic Psychology, 1992, 13, (3), 449-471 View citations (12)

1991

111. IS-LM under increasing returns
     Journal of Macroeconomics, 1991, 13, (4), 675-690 View citations (1)

1990

112. Abram Harris, Jr.: The Economics of Race and Social Reform
     History of Political Economy, 1990, 22, (4), 611-627
113. IMPACTS OF VIOLENT CRIME ON BLACK FAMILY STRUCTURE
     Contemporary Economic Policy, 1990, 8, (4), 15-29 View citations (2)
114. Racial Inequality in the Managerial Age: An Alternative Vision to the NRC Report
     American Economic Review, 1990, 80, (2), 247-51
115. The Fundamental Determinants of the Terms of Trade Reconsidered: Long-run and Long-period Equilibrium
     American Economic Review, 1990, 80, (4), 816-27 View citations (22)

1989

116. Profitability of the British trade in slaves once again
     Explorations in Economic History, 1989, 26, (3), 380-384 View citations (2)
117. Reply to "A Common Error"
     Journal of Macroeconomics, 1989, 11, (1), 149-150

1988

118. Marx, Malthus, and Wages
     History of Political Economy, 1988, 20, (2), 173-190 View citations (2)

1987

119. Abram Harris: An Odyssey from Howard to Chicago
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1987, 15, (3), 4-40 View citations (2)
120. Debt, Finance, Production and Trade in a North-South Model: The Surplus Approach
     Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987, 11, (3), 211-27 View citations (6)
121. Do Transfer Payments Keep the Poor in Poverty?
     American Economic Review, 1987, 77, (2), 216-22 View citations (3)
122. Involuntary Unemployment Independent of the Labor Market
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1987, 10, (2), 216-224 View citations (1)
123. Meade's General Theory Model: A Geometric Reprise
     Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1987, 19, (2), 210-21 View citations (1)
124. Surplus people and expendable children: The structure of apartheid and the mortality crisis in South Africa
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1987, 15, (4), 47-62
125. Was Keynes a Chapter Two Keynesian?
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1987, 9, (4), 516-528 View citations (1)

1985

126. Book Review
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1985, 14, (2), 167-177 View citations (4)
127. On Involuntary Unemployment and Increasing Returns
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1985, 7, (3), 363-372
128. Peddlers Forever? Culture, Competition, and Discrimination
     American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (2), 256-61 View citations (23)
129. Rudolf Hilferding: The Dominion of Capitalism and the Dominion of Gold
     American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (2), 363-68 View citations (4)
130. The Numbers Game and the Profitability of the British Trade in Slaves
     The Journal of Economic History, 1985, 45, (3), 693-703 View citations (11)

1984

131. Public policy and the condition of black family life
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1984, 13, (1), 165-187 View citations (1)
132. Selected economic writings of W. Arthur Lewis: Mark Gersovitz, ed., (New York University, New York, 1983) pp. xi+783, $84.50
     Journal of Development Economics, 1984, 14, (1), 266-273

1983

133. Changes in Black Family Structure: Implications for Welfare Dependency
     American Economic Review, 1983, 73, (2), 59-64 View citations (12)

1982

134. Beveridge and the New Search Unemployment
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1982, 4, (2), 171-180 View citations (2)
135. On the long-run outcome of the Lewis-Nurkse international growth process
     Journal of Development Economics, 1982, 10, (3), 271-278 View citations (5)
136. The Human Capital Approach to Black-White Earnings Inequality: Some Unsettled Questions
     Journal of Human Resources, 1982, 17, (1), 72-93 View citations (23)

1981

137. Distribution, effective demand, and the orthodox macromodel
     Journal of Macroeconomics, 1981, 3, (4), 455-487
138. Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume One: A Review Article
     Journal of Economic Issues, 1981, 15, (1), 129-135
139. The Simple Analytics of Neo-Ricardian Growth and Distribution
     American Economic Review, 1981, 71, (5), 978-93 View citations (19)

1980

140. Changes in black-white income inequality, 1968–78: A decade of progress?
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1980, 10, (4), 354-354 View citations (2)
141. Illusions of black economic progress
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1980, 10, (2), 153-168 View citations (7)
142. Kalecki, Luxemburg, and Imperialism
     Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1980, 2, (2), 223-230
143. The Boserup theory of agricultural growth: A model for anthropological economics
     Journal of Development Economics, 1980, 7, (2), 137-157 View citations (8)

1975

144. Economic theory and racial economic inequality
     The Review of Black Political Economy, 1975, 5, (3), 225-248

Books

1998

1. persistent disparity
   Books, Edward Elgar Publishing View citations (5)

Edited books

2017

1. For-Profit Universities
   Springer Books, Springer

1995

2. ECONOMICS AND DISCRIMINATION, vol Two volume set
   Books, Edward Elgar Publishing View citations (7)

Chapters

2024

1. Data Collection without Definitions
   A chapter in Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Statistics for the 21st Century, 2024

2023

2. Stratification Economics
   Springer

2018

3. Full Employment and the Job Guarantee: An All-American Idea
   Palgrave Macmillan

2016

4. Caste Discrimination in Contemporary India
   Palgrave Macmillan

2013

5. Confronting those affirmative action grumbles
   Chapter 14 in Capitalism on Trial, 2013

2008

6. African American Reparations, Keynes, and the Transfer Problem
   Palgrave Macmillan
7. Ethnicity and Economic Development
   Chapter 52 in International Handbook of Development Economics, Volumes 1 & 2, 2008

2003

8. Finance and competition
   Chapter 6 in Development Economics and Structuralist Macroeconomics, 2003

1994

9. The impact of unemployment on perceptions of personal efficacy: do gender and race differences exist?
   Chapter 2 in EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH AND FINANCE, 1994, pp 19-33
10. What's so 'new' about the 'new' theories of technical change?: Adam Smith, Robert Lucas Jr and economic growth
    Chapter 7 in EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH AND FINANCE, 1994, pp 97-111

1989

11. The Simple Analytics of Aggregate Demand Price and Aggregate Supply Price Analysis
    Palgrave Macmillan