Review on Estimation and Forecast of Reference Evapotranspiration

Arshad Ali ()
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Arshad Ali: Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, University Campus Peshawar, P.O. 25120, Pakistan

International Journal of Agriculture & Sustainable Development, 2025, vol. 7, issue 1, 65-92

Abstract: The evapotranspiration process plays an essential role in the hydrological cycle, exerting a great influence on various aspects of life, including agricultural practices, water resource management, environmental assessments, and drought indices. However, many regions around the world lack reference sites or costly physical networks for direct evapotranspiration measurements, making estimation a vital criterion in these water-scarce areas. Over the years, researchers have employed empirical and/or physics-based models to compute reference evapotranspiration, a fundamental parameter for crop water requirements in diverse climatic regions. Moreover, forecasting reference evapotranspiration using climate data provideson-time information for irrigation scheduling and water resource management. Consequently, an array of techniques, from conventional statistical approaches to advanced deep learning techniques, have been employed by researchers to predict reference evapotranspiration. In this comprehensive review, a wide range of estimation and forecasting models for referenceevapotranspiration is presented, encompassing both traditional techniques and cutting-edge forecasting methods.

Keywords: Evapotranspiration; Estimation of reference evapotranspiration; Forecasting of reference evapotranspiration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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