Study on the Determinants of Health Outcomes in Northern Europe and the Baltic Region

Shailender Singh, Meenakshi Kaul and Ankit Shrivastava

Economic Studies journal, 2025, issue 3, 46-59

Abstract: The study aims to examine the potential determinants of health outcomes for the countries of Northern Europe and the Baltic region. This paper employed a one-way fixed effects model and the Arellano-Bond estimator to examine the influence of potential determinants of health outcomes using data from the World Bank Development Indicators from 1961 to 2020. The findings reveal that health expenditure as a share of GDP, physician density, tobacco consumption, and the level of per capita GDP drives up life expectancy. Similarly, physician density, hospital beds, nurses' and midwives’ density, tobacco consumption, labour force participation rate, the level of per capita GDP, and the unemployment rate are significantly associated with crude mortality. Moreover, all the variables used as the potential determinants of health outcomes in the model are significantly associated with mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases. There is a need for the policymakers of these countries to consider the joint effects of these determinants when implementing policies targeted at improving health outcomes.

JEL-codes: E12 I15 I21 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bas:econst:y:2025:i:3:p:46-59

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