The Impact of Housing Spatial Mismatch on Transportation Mode Selection for Job Access

Hafizah Rosli and Narimah Samat
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Hafizah Rosli: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Narimah Samat: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 1, 4636-4646

Abstract: Low-income households far from employment opportunities experience restricted job accessibility owing to spatial mismatch. The study aims to identify geographical mismatch and evaluate the degree of employment accessibility for low-income workers residing and working on Penang Island, Malaysia. A quantitative survey was conducted with 306 participants from low-income households enrolled in the eKasih welfare program in Penang in 2016. The participants were selected by stratified random sampling based on a defined ratio. The study aims to analyze the factors affecting job accessibility, including the distance from the respondents’ residences to their workplaces, the chosen mode of transportation, and the duration of the commute. The research findings revealed that the respondents in both urban and suburban areas predominantly depend on their personal vehicles. A substantial segment of the population depends on motorcycles to commute to their jobs.

Date: 2025
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