Maritime Boundary Disputes in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks, Resource Management and Environmental Impacts

Nurul ‘Izzah Mohd Nadzri, Aimi Nur Zafirah Mohd Aimi Zaini, Jilwah Syamila Mohd Nu'man and Mohd Haris Abdul Rani
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Nurul ‘Izzah Mohd Nadzri: Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Aimi Nur Zafirah Mohd Aimi Zaini: Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Jilwah Syamila Mohd Nu'man: Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 1, 631-645

Abstract: This study examines the complexities of maritime boundary disputes in Southeast Asia, focusing on offshore oil and gas exploration. The analysis centres on the legal framework provided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), exploring how its principles are applied and contested in real-world scenarios. Case studies, such as the Ambalat block conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia and the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (JDA), highlight the interplay between international law, resource agreement and geopolitical tensions. This research contextualises the challenges faced in Southeast Asia by incorporating comparative insights from similar disputes in regions like the Arctic and the Gulf of Mexico. Beyond legal considerations, the study addresses the economic stakes of hydrocarbon exploration and the environmental impact of offshore activities, emphasising the need for sustainable and cooperative approaches. This interdisciplinary investigation aims to comprehensively understand the factors shaping maritime boundary disputes and propose pathways towards effective conflict resolution and resource governance.

Date: 2025
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