The Impact of Gender and Age on the Choice between Employer-Provided Buses and Private Vehicles for Commuting

Hafizah Rosli and Narimah Samat
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Hafizah Rosli: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Narimah Samat: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 2, 805-814

Abstract: Commuting patterns are shaped by a variety of factors, including economic considerations, convenience, and access to transportation options. Demographic characteristics, particularly gender and age, have garnered increasing attention in recent studies as significant determinants in transportation choices. In metropolitan areas such as Georgetown, Penang, where congestion is a pressing issue and public transport systems are evolving, understanding the role of demographic factors in commuting preferences is essential for effective transport planning. This study examines the influence of gender and age on the commuting choices of government employees in Georgetown, who primarily rely on employer-provided buses for transportation. Using a chi-square analysis, the research identifies key patterns in commuting behavior, with a focus on how gender and age affect the preference for employer-provided transportation over private vehicles. The results indicate that gender significantly influences commuting preferences, with female employees showing a greater tendency to use employer-provided transport (Pearson Chi-Square = 13.895, p = 0.008; Likelihood ratio = 12.289, p = 0.015). However, age does not demonstrate a statistically significant impact on transportation choices (Pearson Chi-Square = 15.441, p = 0.218; Likelihood Ratio = 13.437, p = 0.338). These findings highlight the importance of considering gender-specific needs in the design of government-sponsored transportation programs, while age does not appear to be a major factor in commuting behavior. This research provides valuable insights to inform policies aimed at improving mobility services for the workforce in Georgetown, Penang.

Date: 2025
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