Examining Job Accessibility in Urban and Suburban Settings

Narimah Samat and Hafizah Rosli
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Narimah Samat: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Hafizah Rosli: Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 2, 3778-3789

Abstract: This study explores the accessibility of job opportunities in urban and suburban areas, focusing on how residential segregation and the geographic distribution of employment impact marginalized communities. The research specifically assesses the spatial mismatch hypothesis, investigating the relationship between transportation infrastructure, socioeconomic status, and residential location in shaping access to employment opportunities. By comparing urban and suburban settings, the study highlights the persistent barriers faced by low-income individuals in metropolitan areas. Findings confirm and expand upon the spatial mismatch theory, revealing that low-income individuals, particularly those in suburban districts, face longer commutes due to the separation of residential areas from job centers. The use of motorbikes, preferred for their cost-effectiveness and flexibility, underscores the economic constraints of these commuters. Additionally, housing affordability and the distance from urban centers exacerbate employment barriers, especially in suburban areas where access to both jobs and services is limited. The study concludes that the spatial mismatch hypothesis remains relevant and stresses the need for integrated urban planning policies that address job-housing balance, affordable housing, and improved transportation infrastructure. Policy recommendations include developing affordable housing near employment hubs, expanding public transport networks, creating local employment opportunities, and promoting mixed-use developments to reduce commuting burdens. Such policies are essential for mitigating the challenges of spatial mismatch and fostering equitable access to employment, housing, and services for low-income communities.

Date: 2025
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