Ethical Business Practices and Gender Inclusion in Igbo Apprenticeship System

Bright Onyeike, Queendaline Ugochi Chigbo, Emmanuel Chinonyerem Nzeagwu, Victor Chika Okafor and Bethel Nte Ereforokuma
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Queendaline Ugochi Chigbo: Accounting Department, College of Management Sciences. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
Emmanuel Chinonyerem Nzeagwu: Accounting Department, Faculty of Business Administration. University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
Victor Chika Okafor: Accounting Department, Faculty of Business Administration. University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 8, 7092-7100

Abstract: The Igbo apprenticeship system (Igba Boi) is still a core model for business development and grassroots economic empowerment in southeastern Nigeria. Built on principles of mentorship and self-help, the Igbo apprenticeship system has long contributed to business growth and job creation. Despite the recent surge in the female labor participation rate in Nigeria, based on the United Nations Human Development Report. However, gender bias and societal expectations continue to prevent women from fully utilizing the apprenticeship structure. The insufficiency of the existing legal laws in regulating the informal apprenticeship model calls for immediate reform. Using a content analysis design, this study examined the ethical business practices and gender inclusion issues that jeopardize the fairness and sustainability of the system. Findings showed the absence of written agreements and legal safeguards. Hence, the masters and apprentices are exposed to exploitation and abuse. Male predominance in the system is indicative of cultural bias, which was an obstruction to women's involvement. This study recommended the formalization of the apprenticeship agreements, application of formal legal safeguards, and promotion of gender inclusive practices. The SDG 5 gender equality framework and the proposed Anambra State Igbo Apprenticeship Bill (2024) are commended as a progressive step toward reform. This reform encourages mandatory education, fixed apprenticeship duration, written agreements, and centralized oversight. These reforms are essential in the preservation of cultural heritage with the modernization of apprenticeship practices for equitable and sustainable business development. Key Words: Igbo Apprenticeship System, Business Ethics, Gender Inclusion, Entrepreneurship.

Date: 2025
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