Financial Challenges, Expenditure Patterns, and Coping Mechanisms among Malaysian Undergraduates: A Mixed-Method Analysis

Fadzilah Abdol Razak, Nor Rashidah Paujah Ismail and Norhasliza Ahmad
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Fadzilah Abdol Razak: Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia
Nor Rashidah Paujah Ismail: Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia
Norhasliza Ahmad: Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025, vol. 9, issue 9, 6729-6740

Abstract: University life presents not only academic and social opportunities but also significant financial responsibilities that can affect students’ well-being and academic success. This study investigates the financial realities faced by Malaysian undergraduates, focusing on expenditure patterns, sources of income, perceived financial burdens, and adaptive strategies. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, survey data were collected from 480 students, primarily from the Faculties of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Accountancy, and Applied Sciences. Descriptive and non-parametric analyses (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis) were conducted to compare expenditure patterns across demographic groups, complemented by qualitative feedback on students’ financial experiences. Results indicate that food constituted the largest expenditure, averaging RM15.07 daily, while accommodation cost revealed stark contrasts between hostel residents (RM269.47 per semester) and off-campus renters (RM195.87 monthly). Financial aid and parental allowances emerged as crucial supports, yet disparities persisted across faculties and financial backgrounds. Gender differences were observed in personal expenditures, and faculty-specific requirements, such as higher spending on books in Accountancy, amplified financial inequality. Qualitative findings revealed additional burdens, including transportation costs, family obligations, food insecurity, and financial literacy. Some students demonstrated resilience by engaging in part-time work or entrepreneurship, reducing financial dependence. The study concludes that while financial aid mechanisms such as PTPTN and zakat remain essential, they are insufficient to fully address students’ diverse financial needs. Policy recommendations include expanding hostel facilities, subsidizing meal programs, tailoring aid to demographic disparities, and implementing financial literacy initiatives.

Date: 2025
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