Immunological Aspect of Septic Shock

Abdulameer Kareem. Leelo Al-Obaidy, Saafa Ressan Abdullah, Rana Saleh Al-Difaie and Hawraa Abdulameer
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Abdulameer Kareem. Leelo Al-Obaidy: Ass. Pro. Dr, M.B. Ch. B, PhD Nursing College Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq
Saafa Ressan Abdullah: Al-Qadisiyah University, Nursing College, Iraq
Rana Saleh Al-Difaie: University of Al-Qadisiyah College Veterinary Medicine.
Hawraa Abdulameer: Iraqi Board of Medical Oncology, Senior of Oncology in Al-Jawad oncology center, Baghdad Iraq

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 2024, vol. 11, issue 12, 560-574

Abstract: Septic shock is clinically characterized by hypotension necessitating vasoactive support that fails to react to fluid resuscitation in patients with suspected or microbiologically confirmed infections leading to severe organ failure without an identified etiology. Predisposing factors for septic shock arises when the body’s reaction to an infection impairs tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization, resulting in end-organ malfunction and heightened mortality risk. The etiologies of septic shock differ between adults and children. The mechanisms contributing to the predisposition for severe sepsis are numerous: diminished complement levels, children’s exposure to outdoor environments or crowded settings, reduced protein levels, accelerated metabolic rates, heightened incidence of heart failure, prior antidotal or clinical exposure, and fluctuating rates of infections caused by pathogenic organisms. Endothelial dysfunction, a primary cause of septic shock, impairs microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation in sepsis. Septic shock is commonly linked to coagulation disorders and a heightened prevalence of venous thromboembolism. The principal phases of biomarkers in septic pathobiology encompass a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phase, along with cellular dysfunction. In summary, the cytokines and chemokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and CCL2 possess considerable predictive significance for septic shock. The new personalized medicine that considers significant immunological indicators may result in more focused therapies in the future. The primary message of this immunological approach is that inflammation, which significantly contributes to the progression of septic shock, is an early occurrence in its pathogenesis.

Date: 2024
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