Air Quality and Public Health in Metropolitan Cities in Nigeria: Implications. A Review

Chidinma N. Igwe, Uzoamaka N. Ngwoke, Osarhieme T. Okugbo, Omorede Ikpowonsa-Eweka, Chinweokwu V. Ego, Esther A. Omoyajowo and Ikenna C. Maduako
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Chidinma N. Igwe: Department of Public Health, Imo State University, Nigeria
Uzoamaka N. Ngwoke: Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Nigeria
Osarhieme T. Okugbo: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Benson Idahosa University, Benin-city Nigeria
Omorede Ikpowonsa-Eweka: Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin, Nigeria
Chinweokwu V. Ego: Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Nigeria
Esther A. Omoyajowo: Department of Chemical Science, Dominion University, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
Ikenna C. Maduako: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Benson Idahosa University, Benin-city, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 2025, vol. 12, issue 2, 50-60

Abstract: Air pollution in Nigeria’s urban areas, driven by rapid urbanization, industrialization, and human activities, poses significant public health and environmental challenges. This review discusses the sources, trends, and impacts of air pollution across the country, highlighting the seasonal and regional variations in air quality. Major sources of pollutants, including industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, biomass burning, and waste management practices, are examined, along with their contribution to particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) levels. The health impacts of air pollution are profound, affecting respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, and neurological systems. Vulnerable groups, including children and pregnant women, are particularly at risk. Furthermore, air pollution contributes to environmental degradation, economic losses, and reduced life expectancy. The review emphasizes the need for effective policies and interventions to mitigate air pollution and improve public health. Addressing these issues is crucial for safeguarding the well-being of Nigeria’s growing urban population and ensuring sustainable development. The urgent need for comprehensive air quality management strategies and public awareness initiatives is underscored to prevent the long-term consequences of air pollution on health and the environment. By implementing effective policies, embracing cleaner technologies, and raising public awareness, Nigeria can tackle air pollution and protect the well being of its growing urban population. A commitment to these measures will not only improve air quality but also contribute to sustainable development and a healthier future for all.

Date: 2025
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