Advancing Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment through Immunohistochemistry Innovations

Chinenye Mary Okorochi, Precious Chinonso Nwafor-Richard, Enoch Chibuike Okorochi, Felix Edoiseh Ehidiamhen, Ejike McNelson Nlemchukwu Dike, Olushola Olakunle Jegede, Adeyinka Samson Akinyo and Abosede Rianat Abolade
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Chinenye Mary Okorochi: Department of Medical Laboratory Science Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria
Precious Chinonso Nwafor-Richard: Department of Medical Laboratory Science Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria
Enoch Chibuike Okorochi: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun State, Nigeria
Felix Edoiseh Ehidiamhen: Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, David Umahi, Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Ejike McNelson Nlemchukwu Dike: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Federal Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Olushola Olakunle Jegede: Department of Anatomical Pathology Federal Medical Center, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
Adeyinka Samson Akinyo: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Postgraduate Studies, University of Nigeria, Nssuka, Enugu, Nigeria
Abosede Rianat Abolade: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Lead City University Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 2025, vol. 12, issue 6, 1197-1208

Abstract: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) serves as a vital technique in clinical diagnostics, enabling the detection of specific proteins within tissue sections. This method employs antibodies to identify antigens unique to abnormal cells, such as those found in cancer. IHC plays a crucial role in diagnosing cancer, predicting treatment outcomes, and validating biomarkers for personalized medicine. This review article covers principles, procedures, advantages, and limitations of IHC, emphasizing the importance of proper specimen handling, fixation, and antigen retrieval to optimize results. Key steps include selecting appropriate antibodies, blocking non-specific binding, and employing effective detection systems. Recent advancements in automated IHC systems improved reproducibility, though manual methods allow for greater flexibility in research settings. Despite strengths, IHC faces challenges such as variability in antibody specificity, potential loss of antigenicity due to improper fixation, and storage. This review highlights the significance of IHC in identifying prognostic markers, confirming infectious agents, and diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders. Ultimately, IHC serves as an indispensable tool for pathologists, enhancing understanding of disease mechanisms, aiding in the development of targeted therapies. Proper training, adherence to best practices remain essential for accurate interpretation of IHC results, ensuring continued relevance in clinical, research applications.

Date: 2025
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