Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella Pnuemoniae and Escherichia Coli Isolated From Tablets without Primary Packaging in Some Urban Areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Y. B Ngwai, N. B. Okpalaeke, I. H Nkene, J. Danjuma, G. A. Imokhe, S. C. Tama, I. N. Igbawua and O. F. Bolarinwa
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Y. B Ngwai: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
N. B. Okpalaeke: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
I. H Nkene: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
J. Danjuma: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
G. A. Imokhe: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
S. C. Tama: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
I. N. Igbawua: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria
O. F. Bolarinwa: Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2025, vol. 10, issue 5, 378-385

Abstract: Microbial contamination of non-sterile pharmaceutical dosage forms is a well-documented global problem especially in poor resource countries. This study investigates the antimicrobial resistance profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from tablets without primary packaging in some urban areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 325 unsealed non-sterile solid dosage pharmaceuticals comprising of Metronidazole, Vitamin C, Paracetamol and Vitamin B complex collected were collected from Akwanga and Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli were isolated and identified from the tablets using standard microbiological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated carried out using disc diffusion method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method. The overall percentage proportion of K. pneumoniae and E. coli out 325 tablets without primary packaged were 29(8.9%) and 12(3.7%). The K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolated from the tablets without primary packaging in the study area were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime with percentage resistance ranges from 50% to 100.0% respectively. Hundred percent (100.0%) of the isolates from tablets were extensive drug resistant. Most unsealed non-sterile solid dosage pharmaceuticals in the study area were predominantly contaminated with K. pneumoniae and penicillin and cephalosporins were not effective against the Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the tablets. Stricter quality control measures, as well as public awareness and expanded surveillance will help mitigate the risks of drug-resistant infections as a result of contaminated medications.

Date: 2025
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