Evaluating the Potential of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from the Fruit Extracts of Balanites Aegyptiaca as an Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Agent

Baba Mushemi Lawan, Wilson Lamayi Danbature and Umar Tanko Mamza
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Baba Mushemi Lawan: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
Wilson Lamayi Danbature: Department of Chemical Sciences, Gombe State University, Nigeria
Umar Tanko Mamza: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2025, vol. 10, issue 7, 673-681

Abstract: This study evaluates the potential of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) derived from the fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca as an antimicrobial and larvicidal agent. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterized using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The antimicrobial potentials of the ZnO-NPs were evaluated against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes), two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and two fungal species (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). The ZnO-NPs have demonstrated moderate activity across Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains at the highest concentration (30 µg/ml). The larvicidal efficacy of the synthesized ZnO-NPs was tested against Anopheles mosquito larvae at concentrations of 40, 50, and 60 mg/L. The ZnO-NPs caused 100% mortality in third and fourth instar larvae, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 35.30 to 59.47 mg/L across instars. These findings underscore the potent larvicidal and antimicrobial properties of ZnO-NPs synthesized from the fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca, with dose-dependent effects and notable efficiency against disease vectors and pathogens. The study supports the development of eco-friendly nanobiopesticides and therapeutics from medicinal plants.

Date: 2025
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