Cannabis sativa: Dioecious into Monoecious Plants influencing Sex Determination

Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar, Raju K. Chalannavar, Antonia Neidilê Ribeiro Munhoz, Gholamreza Abdi and Himansu Baijnath
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Ravindra B. Malabadi: Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India
Kiran P. Kolkar: Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka State, India
Raju K. Chalannavar: Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India
Antonia Neidilê Ribeiro Munhoz: Department of Chemistry, Environment and Food, Federal Institute of Amazonas, Campus Manaus Centro, Amazonas, Brazil- 69020-120
Gholamreza Abdi: Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
Himansu Baijnath: Ward Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2023, vol. 8, issue 7, 82-91

Abstract: This review paper highlights about sex determination and conversion of dioecious into monoecious plants by applying exogenous growth regulators or chemicals. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is a dioecious plant, producing male and female flowers on separate unisexual individuals. Although both male and female plants are capable of producing cannabinoids in equal concentrations, female plants produce greater floral biomass than male plants and thus are exclusively used in commercial Medical Cannabis sativa (drug or marijuana) production facilities. In commercial production, marijuana plants are all genetically unfertilized female plants and, male plants are destroyed as seed formation reduces flower quality. One male Cannabis plant can ruin the entire female plant crop due to uncontrolled pollination and crop is designated as contaminated. Moreover, after pollination, female plants alter their relative investment in phytochemicals by reducing the production of secondary metabolites like cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Therefore, early diagnosis of sex is very important to both breeders and farmers for Cannabis crop improvement or production purposes. Cannabis sex determination could be modified by applying exogenous growth regulators or chemicals, which can influence the ratio of endogenous hormones and hence the incidence of sex organs. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate (AgNO3) or silver thiosulfate (Ag2S2O3; STS) have been found to have masculine effects in many plant species including Cannabis. A gap in the literature highlighting Cannabis sex determination has been updated in this review paper.

Date: 2023
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