Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates in Surface Water and Sediment from River Benue, Central Nigeria

Geoffrey A. Wase, Sylvester M. Tongu, Ishaq S. Eneji, Raymond A. Wuana and Rufus Sha’Ato
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Geoffrey A. Wase: Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Sylvester M. Tongu: Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Ishaq S. Eneji: Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Raymond A. Wuana: Department of Environmental Sustainability, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Rufus Sha’Ato: Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria Department of Environmental Sustainability, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2024, vol. 9, issue 11, 698-716

Abstract: Alkylphenols (APs) and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APEs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals of global environmental concern, yet, there is paucity of data, and no regulation on these chemicals on the Nigerian environment, and the rest of African continent. This study determined occurrence and baseline risks of APs and APEs in water and sediment from River Benue, central Nigeria, using Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Sum of twenty APs (∑20APs) in water ranged from ND-38.0 ngL-1 during rainy season, and range during dry season was 1.02-5.03 ngL-1. Sum of four APEs (∑4APEs) in water during rainy season ranged from ND-11.1 ngL-1, with the range of ND-1.33 ngL-1 during dry season respectively. ∑20APs in sediment ranged from ND-11.98 ngg-1 d wt during rainy season, with the range of ND-34.4 ngg-1 during dry season. ∑4APEs in sediment occurred in range of ND-0.91 ngg-1 d wt during rainy season, while the dry season APEs occurred in range of ND-8.23 ngg-1 d wt. Risks estimate of APs and APEs in water and sediment were consistently lower than the global ecological and human health risks guidelines, suggesting no immediate threat to the ecosystem or humans. This study provides comprehensive baseline data on the levels and risk assessment of APs and APEs in water and sediment from River Benue (second biggest river in Nigeria) in order to guide regulatory authorities, and intending researchers, hereafter.

Date: 2024
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