Critical Minerals Policymaking in Canada and Australia: Challenges and Lessons From Nickel and Lithium

Eli Hayes

Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, 2025, vol. 12, issue 3

Abstract: Policymakers across the globe have become increasingly interested in industrial policy, including as it relates to the production of critical minerals. Within Canada and Australia, a key objective of this policy has been to promote domestic operations with the goal of reducing dependence on China. Industrial policy is being utilised to ‘crowd in’ private investment in critical minerals while new controls have been asserted over foreign investment. This paper assesses this first round of policymaking, reviewing issues of policy incoherence and how differences in contracting options affect the design and outcomes of policy. I conclude by providing suggestions that may improve the next wave of critical minerals policy.

Date: 2025
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