Transforming Food Industrial Sludge Into Sustainable Resources: Innovations in Waste Management and Renewable Energy Recovery

Yashar Aryanfar, Jorge Luis García Alcaraz, Ali Keçebaş, Julio Blanco Fernandez, Busra Arslan, Mustafa Ilbas, Salem Algarni, Talal Alqahtani and Kashif Irshad

Business Strategy and the Environment, 2025, vol. 34, issue 3, 3672-3700

Abstract: This study comprehensively investigates the potential of food industrial sludge as a renewable resource within the expanding global food industry. Grounded in the theoretical framework of the circular economy and sustainability sciences, it delves into the composition of sludge, comprising diverse organic (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and fibers) and inorganic elements (minerals, heavy metals, and trace elements), highlighting its environmental and economic implications. The focus is on evaluating key utilization methods—anaerobic digestion, thermal treatment (pyrolysis and gasification), composting, and bioconversion—for transforming sludge into valuable resources such as biogas, biochar, and compost. These methods are assessed based on their alignment with sustainable waste management theories and practices, particularly concerning environmental sustainability and resource recovery. Empirical data from case studies and industry reports are incorporated to provide concrete examples of successful sludge utilization practices. For instance, empirical data indicate that anaerobic digestion can reduce sludge volume by up to 70% and generate biogas with an energy yield of approximately 25 MJ per kg of dry sludge. Pyrolysis can sequester up to 3 t of CO2 per ton of biochar produced. These methods demonstrate considerable promise for energy production, nutrient recovery, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, supporting a circular economy approach. The study addresses challenges in sludge management, including compositional variability, contaminant presence, and the necessity for effective treatment to mitigate environmental risks such as water and soil pollution and odor issues. Findings indicate that the sustainable utilization of food industrial sludge as a renewable resource is not only viable but also essential for minimizing environmental impact, conserving finite resources, and promoting sustainability in the food industry. This research contributes valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental scientists, enriching the body of knowledge on waste management and resource recovery. The research is framed within the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).

Date: 2025
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