Transformative Approaches in Transitioning to a Circular Sanitation Bioeconomy in South Africa: A Scoping Review

William Musazura, Alfred Oduor Odindo and Stephen O. Ojwach

Business Strategy and the Environment, 2025, vol. 34, issue 7, 9463-9489

Abstract: Transitioning from linear flow resource management practices to a circular sanitation bioeconomy needs a transformative approach. In South Africa, the management of human excreta through resource recovery and reuse (RRR) has been widely researched and piloted. However, despite substantial academic and practical exploration, its implementation remains limited in terms of improving livelihoods and safeguarding the environment. A scoping review of peer‐reviewed articles, case studies, academic books and grey literature was conducted to examine the ways in which transformative approaches enable the transition towards a circular sanitation bioeconomy (CBE) through RRR. Success stories learned from international and regional experiences were applied to the South African context. Research gaps on technological, health risks, best practices, social and economic viability issues, barring RRR, were identified. Practical implementation recommendations for technological integration, safeguarding health risks, public–private partnerships, enhancing global supply chains, institutional commitment, sustainable business models and influencing legal and policy frameworks were provided.

Date: 2025
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