The Factor X Debate: Setting Targets for Eco‐Efficiency

Lucas Reijnders

Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1998, vol. 2, issue 1, 13-22

Abstract: The quantification and achievement of eco‐efficiency or dematerialization in the form of a factor X, with X varying between 4 and 50 is being espoused by a variety of analysts and advocates. Politically, these efforts are mainly confined to some European countries. They reflect a remarkable technological optimism. This article reviews some of the major issues pertinent to the factor X debate. The case is presented for quantifying dematerialization or eco‐efficiency goals using a factor X. It is also found that the factor X lacks precision as yet, and that there is only limited interest in the possibilrty that achievable values for X may vary widely among economic activities given technological constraints. There is no agreement whether technological improvement alone will be sufficient to achieve a factor X in practice for economies as a whole. It seems likely, however; that government‐driven technology forcing will be necessary to achieve a factor X in practical terms, especially when X is relatively large.

Date: 1998
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