Patterns of Local Policy Disruption: Regulatory Responses to Uber in Ten North American Cities

Zachary Spicer, Gabriel Eidelman and Austin Zwick

Review of Policy Research, 2019, vol. 36, issue 2, 146-167

Abstract: Since its inception in 2009, Uber has grown into a technology behemoth, with operations in over 70 countries and 500 cities around the world. Along the way, it has successfully forced regulatory upheaval in hundreds of local taxi markets controlled by municipal authorities. In this sense, Uber is not only a market disruptor, but also a policy disruptor. This paper examines the nature of such policy disruption at the local level by reviewing regulatory responses to Uber in ten North American cities. We find that regulatory outcomes are a function of two factors: Uber’s government relations strategy, either cooperative or confrontational, and the degree to which local governments perceive Uber as complementary or harmful to the existing marketplace. We conclude by proposing a typology of regulatory responses to Uber as a basis to identify patterns in the behavior of municipal regulatory authorities and political leaders. 自2009年成立以来，优步已成长为科技巨头，在全球70多个国家和500多个城市开展业务。在此过程中，它成功地在市政当局控制的数百个地方出租车市场激起监管动荡。从这个意义上讲，优步不仅是市场的破坏者，也是政策的颠覆者。本文通过分析北美十大城市政府对Uber的监管对策，探讨了这种地方政策颠覆的本质。笔者发现监管结果取决于两大因素：一是优步的政府关系战略，无论是合作的还是对抗性的；二是地方政府在多大程度上认为优步是对现有市场的补充或危害。笔者最后提出了政府对优步的监管对策类型，以此作为确定市政监管当局和政治领导行为模式的基础。 Desde sus inicios en 2009, Uber ha crecido hasta ser un gigante tecnológico que opera en más de 70 países y 500 ciudades en todo el mundo. En el camino, ha forzado con éxito la agitación regulatoria en cientos de mercados locales de taxis controlados por las autoridades municipales. En este sentido, Uber no es solamente disruptivo en el mercado, sino también en las políticas. Este documento examina la naturaleza de dicha disruptiva política a nivel local al revisar las respuestas regulatorias a Uber en diez ciudades norteamericanas. Encontramos que los resultados regulatorios son una función de dos factores: la estrategia de relaciones gubernamentales de Uber‐‐ ya sea cooperar o confrontar‐‐ y el grado al que los gobiernos locales perciben a Uber como un complemento o algo perjudicial para el mercado existente. Concluimos al proponer una tipología de respuestas regulatorias a Uber como una base para identificar patrones en el comportamiento de autoridades regulatorias municipales y líderes políticos.

Date: 2019
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