Protectionism and Gender Inequality in Developing Countries

Erhan Artuc, Nicolas Depetris Chauvin, Guido Porto and Rijkers Bob ()
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Rijkers Bob: Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington DC 20433, USA

Journal of Globalization and Development, 2023, vol. 14, issue 2, 177-222

Abstract: How do tariffs impact gender inequality? Using harmonized household survey and tariff data from 54 low- and middle income countries, this paper shows that protectionism has an anti-female bias. On average, tariffs repress the real incomes of female headed households by 0.6 percentage points relative to that of male headed ones. Female headed households bear the brunt of tariffs because they derive a smaller share of their income from and spend a larger share of their budget on agricultural products, which are usually subject to high tariffs in developing countries. Consistent with this explanation, the anti-female bias is stronger in countries where female-headed households are underrepresented in agricultural production, are more reliant on remittances, and spend a comparatively larger share of their budgets on food than male-headed ones.

Keywords: gender inequality; globalization; international trade; poverty; tariffs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F1 J16 J43 O13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2022-0023

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