Working Hours, Working Time Flexibility and Stress at Work of Different Types of Entrepreneurs

Joern Block, José M. Millán, Alexandra Moritz and Juan D. Ramos-Poyatos

Revue de l'Entrepreneuriat, 2022, vol. Hors Série 2, issue HS2, 59-100

Abstract: Research shows that stress at work can affect the health of individuals. In particular, working time quality (the extent and flexibility of the working time) has been found to be an important antecedent of stress at work. Prior entrepreneurship research further shows that not only job demands and control but also working time quality differ between self-employed and wage-employed individuals affecting stress at work. However, so far, we know little about how working time quality and stress at work differ between different types of entrepreneurs. Our study closes this gap. By investigating around 47,000 self- and wage-employed individuals in the EU-28, we find that self-employed individuals have longer working hours, more flexibility but also higher perceived stress levels than wage-employed individuals. Comparing different groups of self-employed individuals, we find that self-employed individuals with employees work the most, have the lowest flexibility and the highest perceived stress levels. Contrary to our expectations, we do not find differences regarding working hours, flexibility and perceived stress between independent and dependent self-employed individuals. Our results have important implications for entrepreneurship research and practice.

Keywords: working time quality; stress at work; entrepreneurship; work-life balance; European Working Conditions Survey (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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