RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: AN ANALYSIS OF TWO DECADES

Zeynep Su Borahan
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Zeynep Su Borahan: Károly Ihrig Doctoral School, University of Debrecen

SEA - Practical Application of Science, 2022, issue 28, 37-55

Abstract: Innovative activities are vital for countries' economic growth and competitiveness in the same way research and development (R&D) is vital for innovation. Expenditure on R&D is an apt indicator to assess countries' R&D input. This article statistically reviews the European Union's gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) and its components for 2000-2020 to uncover trends and patterns. Business enterprise, higher education and government components of GERD are selected as indicators to assess the sectoral trends in R&D. Furthermore, to give more insight, conceptualised income groups are used to identify any pattern between countries' R&D expenditures and income levels. The United States, Korea and China are chosen as benchmarks for R&D based on their income level. Additionally, based on the EU27 countries' historical progress and final figures, R&D leaders and laggers are appointed.

Keywords: Research and development expenditure; R&D; GERD; Income groups; The European Union; Economic growth; EU Innovation Policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O11 O52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cmj:seapas:y:2022:i:28:p:37-55

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