Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Advances in Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Neurobiology

Freddy Ednildon Bautista-Vanegas, Rebeca Rocio Gomez Rosales, Ingrid Neysa Cabezas-Soliz, Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas, Carmen Julia Salvatierra Rocha, Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez, Leonel Rivero Castedo, Delly Espejo-Alanoca and Isaura Santander Oberson
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Freddy Ednildon Bautista-Vanegas: Neurologisches Fachkrankenhaus für Bewegungsstörungen/Parkinson: Beelitz Heilstätten, Brandenburg, DE. Germany
Rebeca Rocio Gomez Rosales: Hospital Infanto Juvenil Menino de Jesus M. São Paulo, Brazil
Ingrid Neysa Cabezas-Soliz: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. Instituto Académico Científico Quispe-Cornejo. La Paz, Bolivia
Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas: Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Privada del Valle. Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Carmen Julia Salvatierra Rocha: Clinica Foianiani. Seguro Social Universitario Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. Instituto Académico Científico Quispe-Cornejo. La Paz, Bolivia
Leonel Rivero Castedo: Hospital Municipal Dr. Julio Manuel Aramayo. Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Delly Espejo-Alanoca: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. Instituto Académico Científico Quispe-Cornejo. La Paz, Bolivia
Isaura Santander Oberson: Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG). Genève, Switzerland

Neurodivergences, 2025, vol. 4, 189

Abstract: Introduction. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects approximately 5-7% of children and adolescents and persists in a significant number of cases into adulthood, with an estimated prevalence of 2.5% in adults globally. The impact goes far beyond school or work performance; it is associated with an increased risk of accidents, risky behaviors, comorbid disorders such as anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, and a significant reduction in quality of life. Methods. A search was conducted in the databases SciELO, Scopus, PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, as well as Clinical Keys services. The search terms for the search formulation were "ADHD", "Attention Deficit Disorder", "Hyperactivity", "depression", "autism spectrum", "anxiety", as well as their translations into English. Results. The reported prevalence of ADHD in children ranges from 2 to 18 percent depending on the diagnostic criteria and the population studied. The prevalence in school-aged children is estimated to be between 9 and 15 percent, making it one of the most common childhood disorders. Possible etiological factors include comorbid disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorder, depression, developmental coordination disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and sleep disorders. Conclusion: ADHD constitutes a complex neurodevelopmental condition whose impact transcends clinical boundaries to become a multifaceted challenge for public health, neuroscience, and social justice.

Keywords: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD; depression; anxiety; autism spectrum disorder (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cwj:neurod:v:4:y:2025:id:189

DOI: 10.56294/neuro2025189

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