Nexuses between Food, Energy, and Water Consumption on Urban-Rural Income Gap in South-Eastern Asian Countries Using Difference in Difference in Modelling Technique

Khambai Khamjalas
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Khambai Khamjalas: School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Yuelu District, Changsha 410006, P.R. China

International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2024, vol. 14, issue 2, 186-195

Abstract: South Asian countries are still battling hunger and poverty, especially in rural areas. Empirical evidence attributes the urban-rural income gap to inadequate infrastructure, such as electricity and water supply. This article uses a difference-in-difference model to examine how emerging trends in Food, Energy, and Water (FEW) resources influence the urban-rural income gap. Using data from 2000 to 2019 from China, Indonesia, and India, the results showed that high food insecurity increases income inequality, whereas electricity supply significantly reduces the income gap. Thus, Asians should ensure a sustainable and equitable distribution of FEW resources to improve agricultural productivity and create jobs.

Keywords: Food; Energy; Income Gap; Poverty; Water (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D31 Q11 Q25 Q41 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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