Intersex people and household income: Evidence from a nationally representative survey in Chile

Ercio Muñoz, Melanie Saavedra and Dario Sansone

Economics Letters, 2025, vol. 255, issue C

Abstract: We provide the first evidence on income disparities by sex characteristics using nationally representative data from Chile’s 2022–2023 National Survey on Health, Sexuality, and Gender. Our sample includes 530 intersex respondents, representing 2.77 % of Chile’s population aged 18–64 years. We find substantial household income penalties: on average, intersex female and intersex male individuals belong to households with incomes that are 28.1 log points and 27.9 log points lower than those of endosex male individuals, respectively. These disparities persist even after demographic characteristics, education, region, sexual orientation, and gender identity are controlled for.

Keywords: Intersex; Chile; LGBTQI+; Household income (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I14 J15 J16 J31 J71 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:255:y:2025:i:c:s0165176525003672

DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112530

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