The gun-slave hypothesis and the 18th century British slave trade

Warren Whatley

Explorations in Economic History, 2018, vol. 67, issue C, 80-104

Abstract: The Gun-Slave Hypothesis is the long-standing idea that European gunpowder technology played a key role in growing the transatlantic slave trade. I combine annual data from the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database and the Anglo–African Trade Statistics to estimate a Vector Error Correction Model of the 18th century British slave trade that captures four versions of the Gun-Slave Hypothesis: guns-for-slaves-in-exchange, guns-for-slaves-in-production, slaves-for-guns-derived and the gun-slave cycle. Three econometric results emerge. (1) Gunpowder imports and slave exports were co-integrated in a long-run equilibrium relationship. (2) Positive deviations from equilibrium gunpowder “produced” additional slave exports. This guns-for-slaves-in-production result survives 17 placebo tests that replace gunpowder with non-lethal commodities imports. It is also confirmed by an instrumental variables estimation that uses excess capacity in the British gunpowder industry as an instrument for gunpowder. (3) Additional slave exports attracted additional gunpowder imports for 2–3 more years. Together these dynamics formed a gun-slave cycle. Impulse-response functions generate large increases in slave export in response to increases in gunpowder imports. I use these results to explain the growth of slave exports along the Guinea Coast of Africa in the 18th century.

Keywords: Transatlantic slave trade; Gun-slave cycle; Britain; Africa (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F66 N43 N47 N73 N77 O33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (10)

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Related works:
Working Paper: THE GUN-SLAVE HYPOTHESIS AND THE 18TH CENTURY BRITISH SLAVE TRADE (2017)
Working Paper: The gun-slave hypothesis and the 18th century British slave trade (2017)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:exehis:v:67:y:2018:i:c:p:80-104

DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2017.07.001

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