The M4 Competition: Results, findings, conclusion and way forward

Spyros Makridakis, Evangelos Spiliotis and Vassilios Assimakopoulos

International Journal of Forecasting, 2018, vol. 34, issue 4, 802-808

Abstract: The M4 competition is the continuation of three previous competitions started more than 45 years ago whose purpose was to learn how to improve forecasting accuracy, and how such learning can be applied to advance the theory and practice of forecasting. The purpose of M4 was to replicate the results of the previous ones and extend them into three directions: First significantly increase the number of series, second include Machine Learning (ML) forecasting methods, and third evaluate both point forecasts and prediction intervals. The five major findings of the M4 Competitions are: 1. Out Of the 17 most accurate methods, 12 were “combinations” of mostly statistical approaches. 2. The biggest surprise was a “hybrid” approach that utilized both statistical and ML features. This method’s average sMAPE was close to 10% more accurate than the combination benchmark used to compare the submitted methods. 3. The second most accurate method was a combination of seven statistical methods and one ML one, with the weights for the averaging being calculated by a ML algorithm that was trained to minimize the forecasting. 4. The two most accurate methods also achieved an amazing success in specifying the 95% prediction intervals correctly. 5. The six pure ML methods performed poorly, with none of them being more accurate than the combination benchmark and only one being more accurate than Naïve2. This paper presents some initial results of M4, its major findings and a logical conclusion. Finally, it outlines what the authors consider to be the way forward for the field of forecasting.

Keywords: Forecasting competitions; M Competitions; Forecasting accuracy; Prediction intervals (PIs); Time series methods; Machine Learning (ML) methods; Benchmarking methods; Practice of forecasting (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (90)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:intfor:v:34:y:2018:i:4:p:802-808

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2018.06.001

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