Parenthood and the gender gap in commuting

Aline Bütikofer, René Karadakic and Alexander Willén

Journal of Public Economics, 2025, vol. 248, issue C

Abstract: Childbirth raises the opportunity cost of commuting and makes it difficult for both parents to work far away from home. Using detailed Norwegian employer–employee matched register data, we show that the commuting behavior of men and women diverges immediately after childbirth and that those differences persist for at least a decade. This divergence in commuting behavior exposes mothers to more concentrated and suburban labor markets with fewer job opportunities and lower establishment quality. These findings uncover a key mechanism underlying the child penalty documented in prior work and have important implications for the design of policies seeking to address the remaining gender wage gap.

Keywords: Commuting; Gender Wage Gap; Parenthood (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J16 J22 J42 J61 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:248:y:2025:i:c:s0047272725000696

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105371

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