Inertia monitoring in power systems: Critical features, challenges, and framework

Lavanya L. and K.S. Swarup

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2024, vol. 190, issue PA

Abstract: Grid inertia is a measure of stored kinetic energy in the power system that resists frequency excursions. The inertia is reduced with the replacement of conventional generators with renewable energy sources. This reduction in inertia, in turn, reduces the time required for control action to prevent frequency excursions from violating security limits. In order to plan for frequency reserves and automate measures to prevent grid collapse, it is crucial to monitor grid inertia. Many works in the literature estimate the inertia of a power system. These methods differ in various aspects, including the data, approach, timeline, and source of inertia they estimate. This study aims to synthesize those works by establishing the essential features of a full-fledged grid inertia monitoring system, which are necessary to overcome the problems with low inertia. In addition, this study examines several approaches in the literature from the perspective of meeting the indicated features and tackling the related challenges. It provides a comprehensive view of the literature and identifies the research gaps, offering directions for future research. It also presents a framework interconnecting different aspects for a comprehensive inertia monitoring system.

Keywords: Inertia estimation; Inertia forecast; Load-voltage dependence; Phasor measurement unit; Regional inertia; Virtual inertia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114076

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