Techno-economic analysis of alternative energy sources for icebreakers in the Baltic Sea

Mika Lehmusto, Umair Khalid, Max Cobben, Victor Bolbot, Mia Elg, Juhani Hyvärinen, Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio and Osiris Banda Valdez

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, vol. 224, issue C

Abstract: The growing emphasis on sustainability in the maritime industry has sparked significant interest in alternative energy sources, with ambitious goals set to reduce ship emissions. Industry stakeholders have responded with various strategies, such as optimizing existing power plants, improving energy efficiency, and developing innovative power plant designs utilizing alternative fuels. In light of the global pressure to transition to cleaner maritime operations, this study evaluates five sustainable fuel alternatives for icebreakers - LNG, methanol, ammonia, hydrogen, and nuclear energy - in comparison to diesel, with the aim to balance operational power needs, life cycle costs, and increasingly strict environmental regulations. The results indicate that the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is a highly promising energy source, combining technical feasibility and economic viability, with lifecycle costs 14.9 M€ lower and emissions 80% less than the next best option. A key benefit is its ability to generate electricity profitably, providing additional revenue during off-season periods. Moreover, for the operational profile of icebreakers, methanol and ammonia are emerging as feasible options, enabling a path toward a cleaner future without requiring excessive tank volume. All hydrocarbons can be produced from either fossil-based or renewable carbon sources, offering flexibility for investment in engines that can transition to sustainably produced fuels without requiring engine modifications. This transition can be timed strategically, considering the cost dynamics of sustainable fuels and evolving emissions regulations. This study aims to guide shipowners and designers in making informed decisions by considering operational, functional, economic, environmental, and regulatory factors throughout the ship’s lifecycle.

Keywords: Energy sources; Icebreaker ship; Small modular reactor; Sustainable fuel; Emission regulation; Operational profile (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115963

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