A comprehensive review on hydrogen production, purification, storage, and utilization: Challenges and future directions

Vasupalli Tharun and Pachamuthu Senthil Kumar

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, vol. 224, issue C

Abstract: The increasing carbon footprint of the Earth to increased fossil fuel usage, has raised concerns regarding global temperatures. Urging the development of technologies towards carbon-neutral energy sources. In this scenario, Hydrogen promises a carbon-neutral energy source. This review provides an in-depth analysis and stage-wise assessment on the latest technological advancements and research trends in hydrogen technology from well to wheel. i.e, from production, purification, storage, and utilization. this review includes a series of comparative tables quantifying key parameters such as system level efficiency, cost involved, energy requirements, and purity. In addition, each section is further summarised with potential research gaps, possible solutions and thrust areas which require further research. The research gaps and future directions were prioritized and identified relying on the cause for the transition towards hydrogen in sectors that demand high energy such as, automotive, power generation, energy storage sectors. The research gaps were further prioritized based on environmental considerations by providing insights for reducing the hazardous byproducts. Furthermore, focused on techno-economic factors by providing insights on enhancing their overall efficiency and durability thereby making hydrogen value-chain self-sustainable and economical in both capital and running costs. As a highlight, the study provides a novel approach to utilize hydrogen through hydrogen carriers in IC engines concerning its volumetric energy density, storage safety, and embrittlement.

Keywords: Hydrogen energy; H2 ICE; Near-zero emissions; Sustainable hydrogen technologies; Sustainable mobility (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116067

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