Energy transition and CO₂ emissions: Fresh insight from low, middle and high-income countries

Parisa Pakrooh, Hela Nammouri and Sami Ben Jabeur

Research in International Business and Finance, 2025, vol. 76, issue C

Abstract: The energy transition to sustainable systems is critical in mitigating carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and achieving energy security. This study systematically analyzes the impact of transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources across countries of low, middle, and high-income levels, considering complex factors such as social aspects, legislative actions, and economic conditions that influence these transitions. For this aim, the GreenQ index introduced by Lau et al. (2023); a robust econometric model, the Cross-sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) technique by Chudik and Pesaran (2015); and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) non-Granger causality test are applied to panel data from 1965 to 2021 of 53 countries. Findings highlight that advancements in green energy technologies and stringent legislative frameworks significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, particularly in high-income countries. Additionally, the results show that trade openness is associated with a slight reduction in emissions in low- and middle-income countries, while urbanization and political liberties have varying impacts depending on the income level of the country.

Keywords: CO₂ emissions; Climate change; Energy transition; Sustainable development (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C33 O13 Q42 Q54 Q58 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:76:y:2025:i:c:s0275531925001369

DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102880

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