“The system's not getting my grandchild”: A qualitative study of caregiver relationship formation for children born to incarcerated mothers

Bethany Kotlar, Aisha Yousafzai, Carolyn Sufrin, Monik Jimenez and Henning Tiemeier

Social Science & Medicine, 2025, vol. 370, issue C

Abstract: Women who give birth during their incarceration in most states in the US are separated from their newborns, who are placed with non-maternal caregivers. Infants of incarcerated mothers are a highly vulnerable population for which caregiving relationships may be particularly important for their wellbeing. Despite this, incarcerated mothers may be responsible for selecting a caregiver with no formal guidance. However, this process is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to understand how families form caregiving relationships during a mother's incarceration in state prisons in Georgia. Data were drawn from initial interviews from a mixed methods cohort of children exposed prenatally to incarceration. Thirty-six interviews with caregivers and 13 interviews with mothers released from incarceration were analyzed using thematic analysis. Researchers validated data through focus groups with caregivers and nonprofit staff. Caregivers and formerly incarcerated mothers discussed avoiding child welfare custody when making caregiving decisions. Mothers prioritized caregivers who they believed would help them reunify with the child. Caregivers and mothers discussed keeping the child with a family member if possible; mothers overwhelmingly preferred their own parents as caregivers. When mothers choose between several potential caregivers, they prioritized the safety and security of their infant, rejecting those who were substance users, had a history of incarceration, had serious health issues, or who they deemed irresponsible. These factors were frequently brought up when discussing children's fathers as potential caregivers. Thus, choice of caregivers for infants born during incarceration was motivated by family unity and safety and security. Policymakers should target these children and their families for intensive support through social services.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117881

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