The quiet revolution in urban mobility: a PPM-based analysis of consumer switching intentions with introversion as a moderator

Yuanhao Li, Xinyi Chen and Feiyang Jia

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2026, vol. 203, issue C

Abstract: This study, based on the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) framework, examines consumers’ intentions to switch from ride-hailing services to robotaxis and the factors driving this transition. Robotaxis, as an application of autonomous driving technology, are emerging as a viable option for ride-hailing services, including advantages such as increased road safety, greater travel efficiency, and diminished carbon emissions. Through the analysis of push factors (e.g., safety perception, social anxiety), pull factors (e.g., technological advantages, policy support, social influence), and mooring factors (e.g., user habits, perceived risks), this study reveals how these factors collectively impact consumers’ switching intentions. The results show that push and pull factors significantly motivate consumers to adopt robotaxis, while user habits and perceived risks act as barriers to this transition. Introversion, as a moderating factor, plays a pivotal role in this process; introverted individuals, being more sensitive to social anxiety and safety concerns, are more likely to prefer robotaxis. This study not only confirms the applicability of the PPM framework in the transportation domain but also offers theoretical insights and policy recommendations for promoting robotaxis, particularly in developing personalized marketing strategies based on user personality traits.

Keywords: Robotaxis; Introversion; Switching Intentions; Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) Framework; Autonomous Driving Technology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856425003465
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:transa:v:203:y:2026:i:c:s0965856425003465

Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/supportfaq.cws_home/regional
https://shop.elsevie ... _01_ooc_1&version=01

DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2025.104713

Access Statistics for this article

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice is currently edited by John (J.M.) Rose

More articles in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Catherine Liu ().