Value of time multipliers for walk time, wait time, service headway, displacement time, reliability and congested travel time: review and meta-analysis of worldwide evidence

Mark Wardman, Paul Murphy, Manuel Ojeda-Cabral, Alex Mitrani, Kazuyuki Neki and Richard Martin Humphreys

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2026, vol. 207, issue C

Abstract: This study provides the most comprehensive review and meta-analysis of time multipliers that are fundamental to transport planning and appraisal. The attributes covered are: walk time, wait time, access/egress time, connection time, out-of-vehicle time and service headway, which are largely characteristics of public transport trips; travel time in various degrees of congestion and parking search time, which are features of car travel; displacement time; and a range of variables related to travel time variability. The evidence assembled covers 2872 multipliers drawn from 606 studies across 52 countries over the years 1963 to 2023.

Keywords: Meta-analysis; Review; Time multipliers; Walk and wait time; Travel time reliability; Service headway; Congested travel time (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2026.104925

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