30 years of tendering regional rail services in Germany – A data-based analysis of long-term effects and the impact of network characteristics on competition

Finn Wirth and Norman Weik

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2026, vol. 211, issue C

Abstract: Competitive tendering has been a key pillar of the European railway reforms since the 1990s. As outlined in EC 1370/2007, these reforms aim to reduce subsidies and enhance competition in public transport. Germany adopted this policy early through its regionalisation reform in 1996. In view of the looming 30-year anniversary of competitive tendering of regional rail services in Germany, this paper reviews and assesses the long-term effects of intramodal competition.

Keywords: Intramodal competition; PSO tendering; Network topology; Tendered subnetworks; Network design (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2026.105114

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